M. HABIA Mohamed ilyes

This research examines how Vickers indentation-induced flaws affect the strength and failure probability of
Mediterranean float glass (MFG), specifically under biaxial flexural testing in distilled water. In total, fifteen
square samples (50 × 50 mm2 each) were subjected to a constant loading rate of 0.3 mm/min. Controlled de-
fects were introduced using loads of 1 and 10 N at three distinct distances from the high-stress contact point (2,
10 and 18 mm) of the ring-on-ring bending device. The Weibull statistical distribution was utilized to capture
the relationship between defect characteristics and the glass’s mechanical behaviour. Key findings indicate that
higher indentation loads (10 N) produce more severe flaws, which consistently lower both the mean time to fail-
ure (MTTF) and the Weibull scale parameter (η), regardless of flaw position. Defects placed closer to the region
of maximum stress, i.e. near the contact area, create stronger stress concentrations and thus a notable reduc-
tion in fracture resistance. The presence of water further aggravates these effects by accelerating crack growth,
increasing stress concentrations and ultimately undermining the mechanical integrity of the glass. Analysis of
the Weibull parameters revealed that the shape parameter (β) decreases as flaws approach the high-stress re-
gion, suggesting greater heterogeneity and criticality of defects. The scale parameter (η) also varies with both
indentation load and defect location, underlining the inherent variability in glass strength depending on these
factors. These results emphasize the need to account for both flaw geometry and environmental influences such
as humidity when designing and applying float glass materials.

The selection of materials has a significant impact on the coupling
efficiency, field enhancement, and sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance
(SPR) sensors. In order to improve SPR performance within the Kretschmann
configuration, this study examines and optimizes the combination of two novel
nonlinear optical crystals: bismuth triborate (BIBO, BiB3O6) and lithium
triborate (LBO, LiB3O5) as dielectric layers deposited on BK7 glass prisms
coated with silver (Ag). LBO is renowned for its high damage threshold, strong
optical homogeneity, relatively large effective second harmonic generation
(SHG) coefficient, broad transparency window (160 nm to 2.6 µm), and superior
mechanical and thermal stability. In contrast, BIBO is a viable choice for
nonlinear optical and plasmonic applications due to its superior nonlinear
coefficients, high damage threshold, superior phase-matching range, and
exceptional chemical stability. The excitation and propagation of surface
plasmon polaritons (SPPs) at the Ag/dielectric interface are thoroughly analyzed
in relation to the optical features of LBO and BIBO, namely refractive index
dispersion, nonlinear susceptibility, and phase matching characteristics. When
these materials are deposited on BK7/Ag structures, the local dielectric
environment is changed, which modifies the SPR signal's resonance angle, depth,
and quality factor. When combined with two-dimensional materials that display
excitonic resonances, like black phosphorene, the nonlinear optical
characteristics of LBO and BIBO are also taken into consideration for the
possible increase of plasmon-exciton interactions. With the proposed
configuration, a maximum sensitivity of 392.38°/RIU is achieved, demonstrating
its strong potential for biomolecule detection in medical and life science
applications.

The mechanical strength of float glass is critically influenced by surface defects and environmental conditions like humidity. This study investigates the biaxial flexural strength of Mediterranean Float Glass
(MFG) under controlled humid conditions to quantify these effects. We introduced Vickers indentation defects using two loads (1 N and 10 N) at three distances (2 mm, 10 mm, 18 mm) from the high-stress contact point
of a ring-on-ring (ROR) bending device. Fifteen samples (50×50 mm²) were tested in distilled water at a constant loading rate of 0.3 mm/min. The Weibull statistical distribution was used to analyze the relationship
between defect characteristics (load, position) and the glass's mechanical reliability. Key parameters like Weibull modulus (β), scale parameter (η), and median time to failure were determined. This research provides
crucial insights for predicting glass performance and optimizing material design for applications in wet environments by establishing a clear link between controlled defects, environmental factors, and structural integrity.

Fiber-Optic Fabry–Pérot Interferometric Sensor Using a PMMA Microlens for Temperature and Pressure Sensing

The determination of the concentration of a solution is of paramount importance in various scientific and industrial fields such as analytical chemistry, biotechnology and the environment. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique is an unmarked and efficient optical tool that allows the detection and quantification of analytes in solution by measuring refractive index changes near a metal surface. This study presents an innovative approach to increase the sensitivity measurement and accuracy of the SPR method by exploiting a multilayer structure consisting of BK7-Ag-PbTiO3-ZnO-solution. The method is based on the excitation of surface plasmons at the interface between the metal layer (Ag) and the solution. When a beam of polarized light is directed towards the multilayer structure, a particular resonance angle is reached, depending on the refractive index of the solution. any change in the concentration of the solution leads to a modification of this index, thus altering the detected resonance angle. The incorporation of PbTiO3 and ZnO layers accentuates these fluctuations, thereby increasing the overall sensitivity of the system. This optimized SPR method can be implemented in several areas such as: Biotechnology relates to the detection of proteins, antibodies or DNA. Analysis of pollutants in water and pharmaceutical industry in Quality assurance of drug solutions.

Recent scientific and technological breakthroughs have led to the development of highly sensitive biosensing technologies
for pathogen identification. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has emerged as an environmentally friendly and efficient label
free detection technique in clinical research, particularly for examining biomolecular interactions, including those involving
haemoglobin. Hematologic malignancies include several forms of malignancy that mostly impact the blood, bone marrow,
and lymphatic system. This research introduces an innovative surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor utilizing silver
(Ag), perovskite oxide (PO), and MXene (Ti₃C₂Tₓ) nanostructures for the precise detection of blood cancer via haemoglobin
concentration assessment. SPR sensors provide label-free, real-time detection, rendering them suitable for clinical diagnos
tics, especially in the identification of hematologic malignancies like leukaemia, which is marked by changed haemoglobin
levels. To improve sensor performance, we methodically examined different perovskite oxide materials (BaTiO₃, SrTiO₃,
CaTiO₃, and PbTiO₃) and tuned their thicknesses. Among these materials, PbTiO₃ exhibited exceptional sensitivity (up to
664.28°/RIU at a thickness of 5 nm), although CaTiO₃ displayed the highest quality factor (QF = 110 RIU⁻1), signifying
remarkable resonance sharpness and detection precision. The integration of MXene layers enhanced sensitivity owing to their
remarkable optical and electrical characteristics, with a peak sensitivity of around 580°/RIU. Nonetheless, the incorporation
of MXene significantly expanded the resonance dip, resulting in a minor decrease in the quality factor. A comprehensive
investigation revealed an optimum arrangement (Ag-PbTiO₃-MXene) with layer thicknesses of d2 = 4 nm (PbTiO₃) and
d3 = 1 nm (MXene), achieving an exemplary equilibrium between elevated sensitivity (557.14°/RIU) and substantial QF
(96.05 RIU⁻1). These findings underscore the essential trade-offs between sensitivity augmentation and resonance sharpness,
highlighting the necessity of meticulous material selection and thickness optimization. The suggested SPR biosensor design
exhibits considerable promise for sophisticated biomedical diagnostics, especially for the early and precise identification of
haematological malignancies by accurate haemoglobin concentration assessment.

Abstract

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a surface plasmon resonance biosensor aimed at
enhancing the figure of merit through the use of zinc oxide ZnO doped
aluminium Al, which is deposited via vacuum evaporation and
characterised using ellipsometric spectroscopy. ZnO has attracted
considerable attention for its applications in photoelectron-chemical water
splitting, photocatalysis, and photovoltaic systems. The efficiency of
photoelectric conversion in ZnO is limited by the rapid recombination of
photoexcited electron–hole pairs and the wide band gap, which allows for
the absorption of only a small fraction of the solar spectrum. The
investigation into the characterisation of ZnO doped at different
concentration of aluminium by ellipsometric sperctroscopy and surface
plasmons resonance (SPR) has been conducted. The detection of gases
and chemical material with SPR relies on their interaction with the ZnO
surface, primarily attributed to the high isoelectric point of ZnO and the
dielectric permittivity. This study examines also the sensitivity and figure
of merit for the ZnO/Au/prism structure sensor. The advancements in
manufacturing processes allow for the effective application of the
proposed SPR biosensor in the detection of gases such as monoxide of
carbon CO.

The detection of blood infections using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensors has received a lot of attention because of its promise for quick and sensitive diagnosis. The laser source (wavelength), incidence angle, and power output are all important parameters in determining the coupling efficiency of light with surface plasmons, which influences the sensor's sensitivity and resolution. Recent advances in SPR technology have shown that certain wavelengths can improve reflectivity dips, which are required for precise carbon dioxide (CO₂) measurements. Integrating low-cost laser sources, such as laser diodes and solid-state lasers, opens up possibilities for creating portable SPR devices appropriate for point-of-care applications. The incorporation of graphene and perovskite materials into Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensors marks a significant step forward in sensor technology, improving sensitivity and performance for a variety of applications, including environmental monitoring and biological diagnostics. This synthesis takes use of the unique features of both materials to improve the detection capabilities of SPR devices. This research aims to conduct a comprehensive theoretical study of SPR sensor performances for CO₂ detection, with a focus on optimizing the laser source parameters.

Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Millions of individuals throughout the world suffer from cancer and other illnesses. This is a leading cause of human death each year. Huge efforts were made to develop simple, precise,
and cost-effective technologies for detecting various diseases. As the detection of cancer and diabetic disorders has received
a lot of interest in the field of biosensing, several methods have been developed to detect these diseases with high accuracy.
This study investigates the possibility of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for human breast cancer detection utilizing a
bimetal silver with gold in permutation and hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskites (MAPbX3 ≡ CH3NH3PbY3, with
M=CH
3, A=NH3, and Y=Br) sensor that operates at a specific wavelength of 633 nm. Early cancer identification is critical
for improving patient outcomes, and SPR presents a promising path for label-free, sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers.

Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Millions of individuals throughout the world suffer from cancer and other illnesses. This is a leading cause of human death each year. Huge efforts were made to develop simple, precise, and cost-effective technologies for detecting various diseases. As the detection of cancer and diabetic disorders has received a lot of interest in the field of biosensing, several methods have been developed to detect these diseases with high accuracy. This study investigates the possibility of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for human breast cancer detection utilizing a bimetal silver with gold in permutation and hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskites (MAPbX3 ≡ CH3NH3PbY3, with M = CH3, A = NH3, and Y = Br) sensor that operates at a specific wavelength of 633 nm. Early cancer identification is critical for improving patient outcomes, and SPR presents a promising path for label-free, sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers.

Molecular sensors have become indispensable today in many fields ranging from scientific research
(fundamental and applied) to the observation of industrial production processes or environmental
control. Very important needs have recently appeared in all life sciences (biology, biochemistry,
medicine, food) and environment (pollution). Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors—SPR are
extensively used for their high sensitivity, fast real-time response, and high accuracy. Different
configurations have been developed: the optical waveguide, the networks and the prism which
remains the most common coupler (Raether-Kretschman configuration). Over the last decade, the
use of optical fibers as a coupler has emerged. Optical fibers offer very attractive advantages such
as low cost, small size, real-time in situ measurement in hostile places as well as electromagnetic
immunity. In this context, we will develop plasmonic transducers based on the Kretschman
configuration. These sensors will be experimentally tested and numerically modelled in order to
establish a relationship between the measurements and the dielectric parameters of the studied
system. This work consists in realizing, measuring, calculating and optimizing the response and
sensitivity of a chemical and biochemical sensor based on the SPR principle according to the
different materials deposited in thin films (nature and geometry) then to functionalize them for biodetection applications.
Keywords: Surface plasmons, Nano photonics, SPR sensor, Bio optical sensor

The plasmonic materials and phenomena are widely studies and applied in multiple fields for an extended time. One among the foremost promising applications is within the engineering of biosensor devices, Diseases of the red blood cells are among the diseases of the blood. Anemia as an example is an abnormal reduction within the concentration of hemoglobin within the blood. When the amount of red blood cells decreases, so does the concentration of hemoglobin. The tissues and organs not receive sufficient oxygen to work normally. This numerical study will give a contribution or approach on the behaviour of blood with surface plasmons resonance SPR by analysing the performance of SPR with any changes in hemoglobin concentrations (refractive index) for the application of technique in the detection of blood diseases.

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is a fast and sensitive
technology for exploring real-time biomolecular interactions. The
potential of this technology stems from its extremely high
sensitivity to changes in the refractive index of the hemoglobin
caused by adsorption or binding of molecules and their
concentration. The presented sensor is based on Kretschmann
configuration, the thickness and Wavelength of gold and silver is
optimized under the consideration of sensitivity, full width at half
maximum, and minimum reflectance After that the performance
of the sensor under section of sensitivity, detection accuracy and
quality factor is analysed. The aim of this study is to enhance the
accuracy of sensitivity measured results to accelerate diagnosing
and treating human disease and in order to reduce testing on the
patients

The biological studies are important for the exploration and the diagnosis of tissue or cellular pathology of the human beings, the biological techniques require specific means, thin very sophisticated and some studies require very pointed probes for the exploration of the diseases. The light tissue interaction occurs at the atomic level and in the cell, optical phenomena occur during this action as transmission, reflection and absorption, it can be used to study or treat abnormalities in cell, certainly interaction generate spectral losses can teach us about the optical properties of tissue.
The techniques used at present is the surface plasmon resonance [SPR] which means the interaction of photons with surfaces of the free electrons, the particle fineness allows nano-metric studies with high precision of measurement by the change in optical reflectivity from which can tired the dielectric constant of middle to be studied.

The advances of method for biological tissue analysis
need to know the behavior of this medium by the knowledge of
all properties especially optical parameters of tissue. Photonics
present good idea like method because they interact with
biological tissue at nano-level and very high precision of
measurement, bio-photonics has now become the cornerstone
of many applied biosciences. Photonic sensors have been
developed for use in many laboratory and industrial
environments for detection of a wide variety of physical and
biological parameters. Its posses some attractive advantages
such as sensibility to electromagnetic evanescent wave,
capability to access long-reach applications, and multiplexing
capability for many of the sensor design. Special photonic
sensor designs can also possess small size, light weight, high
resolution, and low cost implementation attributes.
A simple method for determining the optical properties of
oxyhemoglobin in human blood is proposed. The method is
based on a variation of the complex propagation constant of
guided wave in a thin-film. We present an optical bio-sensor
based on Surface Plasmon Resonance and study the variation
of reflectivity of hemoglobin with deference concentration and
in various wavelengths.

Photovoltaic energy is increasingly regarded as a source of energy that can contribute to global electricity production while contributing to sustainable development . Zinc oxide (ZnO ) is a material belonging to the family of semiconductor and transparent oxides . Non-toxicity and abundance on Earth this component makes it an ideal candidate as a transparent electrical contact for solar cells in thin layers of amorphous silicon and / or microcrystalline . In this work a study of the optical properties of ZnO thin films obtained by the method of vacuum thermal evaporation with various doping Aluminum ( Al ) was performed to trace the optical parameters ( dielectric ) optimal.
Several techniques for this are possible to study these properties in order to know the area of profitability of these layers tell the ellipsometry . So in this work we used the technique of ellipsometry to deduce the optical constants of ZnO thin films and back to performance.

Photovoltaic energy is increasingly regarded as a source of energy that can contribute to global electricity production while contributing to sustainable development . Zinc oxide (ZnO ) is a material belonging to the family of semiconductor and transparent oxides . Non-toxicity and abundance on Earth this component makes it an ideal candidate as a transparent electrical contact for solar cells in thin layers of amorphous silicon and / or microcrystalline . In this work a study of the optical properties of ZnO thin films obtained by the method of vacuum thermal evaporation with various doping Aluminum ( Al ) was performed to trace the optical parameters ( dielectric ) optimal.
Several techniques for this are possible to study these properties in order to know the area of profitability of these layers tell the ellipsometry . So in this work we used the technique of ellipsometry to deduce the optical constants of ZnO thin films and back to performance.

Le développement des méthodes optiques pour l'analyse de sang exige la connaissance des propriétés de dispersion et d'absorption du sang humain. Il est également important pour le diagnostiques et les applications thérapeutiques dans le domaine de la médecine laser, hématologie, et le diagnostic médical courant. Selon la théorie de transport de rayonnement.
Les propriétés optiques du sang peuvent être décrites par les paramètres optiques intrinsèques : µa coefficient d'absorption, µs coefficient de dispersion, qui sont dépends aux indice de réfraction complexe (n͂). Cependant, divers approches ont été pris pour déterminer les propriétés optiques du sang.
Les propriétés optiques de sang n'ont pas été bien établie, même aujourd'hui, et les instruments bio optique doivent être basées sur des formules empiriques. Afin d'examiner les propriétés optiques ayant la perfusion sanguine pulsative. Les mesures de grande précision des propriétés réfringentes et spectrales de l'hémoglobine facilitent la surveillance et la modification des propriétés optiques du sang et ce qui contiens des tissus et améliorent des méthodes optiques d'immersion exploitées dans des techniques diagnostiques et thérapeutiques optiques existantes, telles que la tomographie optique de concordance, la spectroscopie de réflectivité, la thérapie photo dynamique, et la chirurgie de laser et aussi SPR
Les plasmas de surface à résonance (SPR) est une méthode s’établir pour l’analysé en tempe réel l’interaction biomoléculaire avec la lumière par réflectivités.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is one of the most sensitive label-free detection methods and has been used in a wide range of chemical and biochemical sensing. Upon using a 200 nm top layer of dielectric film with a high value of the real part εm of the dielectric function, on top of an SPR sensor in the Kretschmann configuration, the sensitivity is improved. The refractive index effect of dielectric film on sensitivity is usually ignored. The peculiarity of this technique lies principally in its ability to investigate physical and chemical processes that occur close to the interface between a metal and a dielectric means, detecting even small changes in its optical properties due to changes in environmental conditions. The high sensitivity of this method and the ability to easily run real-time analysis, make surface plasmon resonance an interesting transduction mechanism for opto-chemical sensors.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a versatile material that develops different functionalities upon doping. Piezoelectricity, ferro-electricity, ferromagnetism, and electrical conductivity can be induced in ZnO. Thin films of ZnO are of interest for various applications such as gas sensing devices, ultraviolet (UV) solid state lasers, and low-loss optical waveguides and amplifiers. Metal doping yields thin films of high electrical conductivity and ZnO thin films are good candidates for improved NIR plasmonic materials; why we used the laser 632.8 nm us source.

The surface plasmon resonance shown since a long time by Liedberg and Others, who have exploited it for the first time as a sensor, it been used to study organized organic mono-and multilayer’s on metal surfaces. A convenient and commonly used method by which to excite the plasmon field was initially suggested by Kretschmann (1971) we have witnessed remarkable progress in the development of bio detectors and their applications in areas such as environmental monitoring, biotechnology, medical diagnostics, drug screening, food safety, and security. In this work, we study the presence of sulfur in the environment of the laboratory, using an Au thin film deposited on a prism, as a coupling device. So in this paper we try to simulate some types of optical biosensor via program of Matlab.

the surface plasmon resonance shown since a long time by Liedberg and Others, who have exploited it for the first time as a sensor, it been used to study organized organic mono-and multilayer’s on metal surfaces (Pockard and others, 1978; Swalens and others, 1980). A convenient and commonly used method by which to excite the plasmon field was initially suggested by Kretschmann (1971) we have witnessed remarkable progress in the development of bio detectors and their applications in areas such as environmental monitoring, biotechnology, medical diagnostics, drug screening, food safety, and security. In this work, we study the presence of sulfur in the environment of the laboratory, using an Au thin film deposited on a prism, as a coupling device.

L’énergie photovoltaïque est de plus en plus considérer comme une source d’énergie qui peut contribuer à la production mondiale d’électricité tout en participant au développement durable. L’oxyde de zinc (ZnO) est un matériau faisant partie de la famille des oxydes semi conducteurs et transparents. La non-toxicité et l’abondance sur la Terre de ce composant font de lui un candidat idéal comme contact électrique transparent pour les cellules solaires en couches minces de silicium amorphe et/ou microcristallin. Dans ce travail une étude des propriétés optiques de couches minces ZnO obtenues par la méthode d’évaporation thermique sous vide avec variété de dopage en Aluminium (Al), a été réalisé afin de remonter aux paramètres optiques (dielectriques) optimaux . Pour ceci Plusieurs techniques sont envisageables pour l’étude de ces propriétés en vue de connaitre le domaine de rentabilité de ces couches tell que l’ellipsometrie. Donc dans ce travail on a utilisé la technique d’éllipsométrie pour déduire les constantes optiques des couches minces ZnO et de remonter au rendement.

La Recherche des planètes supplémentaire-solaires est l'un des secteurs scientifiques les plus évidents. Aujourd’hui, les techniques d’imagerie appliquées à la recherche des planètes visent à mesurer l'effet ou la perturbation qu'elle produit sur l'étoile autour de laquelle elle gravite telles que les techniques indirectes : astrométrie, vitesse radial, etc. En outre, les techniques directes visent à isoler les photons du compagnon planétaire; plusieurs techniques sont envisageables: la coronographie, l’interférométrie annulante, etc.
L’interférométrie annulante (destructive) est la technique qui permet de réduire la contribution énergétique de l’étoile et rendre la planète détectable avec une haute résolution angulaire. Notre travail consiste à faire une Simulation de la coronographie interférométrique avec différentes apodisations.