M. MADI Nadia

This work focuses on the design and formulation of a new food supplement enriched with vitamin D3 from cod liver oil. The idea behind this innovation is to meet the growing needs of people suffering from vitamin D3 deficiency, a global health problem that affects many people around the world.
For this a mixing plan was carried out with the optimal quantities of the ingredients of oat flour, cod liver oil, eggs, and milk being 150g, 3ml, 22.5 ml and 128.89 ml respectively which gave a rich biscuit in vitamin D with a good taste and mild flavour.
Finally, a sensory analysis for expert juries (people) was carried out and made it possible to study the acceptability and appreciation of the tasters towards the supplement developed. Our product enriched with vitamin D with cod liver oil was appreciated by tasters.
From all the results listed, we can deduce that the addition of cod liver oil in the formulation of the cake modified its physiochemical properties, its texture and its sensory properties.

l'utilisation des algorithmes d'apprentissage automatique et d'apprentissage profond pour prédire la résistance des bactéries aux antibiotiques s'est révélée très prometteuse pour relever l'un des défis les plus urgents dans le domaine des soins de santé. En s'appuyant sur de vastes ensembles de données et des modèles informatiques robustes, l'apprentissage automatique et l'apprentissage profond ont fourni des informations précieuses sur le potentiel de résistance aux antibiotiques, permettant une prise de décision claire et une intervention proactive. Cette combinaison de la biologie et de l'intelligence artificielle nous a donné plusieurs avantages, tels que l'augmentation de la précision en analysant de grandes quantités de données et en identifiant des modèles qui peuvent ne pas être apparents pour les humains. L'apprentissage automatique peut contribuer à une prédiction rapide, ce qui permet de limiter la propagation des infections résistantes.

Les sous-produits résultant des déchets sont parmi les problèmes les plus importants de l'industrie alimentaire.
En tenant compte que ces résidus sont des sources importantes de polyphénols
Parallèlement à l'intérêt croissant pour la recherche d'aliments fonctionnels et des options plus saines, l'industrie alimentaire a pris conscience de l'importance de Valoriser ces dechets dans la production des aliments naturels à valeur ajoutée ayant des effets bénéfiques sur la santé

This study aimed to optimize Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) parameters
to enrich soybean oil with Myrtus communis L. (myrtle) seeds powder. The
effect of the temperature and sonication time on antioxidant contents, namely
total phenolics, total carotenoids, total chlorophylls and also on the antioxidant
capacity was studied. The resulted optimized conditions were a temperature of
30 °C during 32.5 min and through their use, the experimental values for total
phenolics, carotenoids, and chlorophylls were 103.09 ± 7.22, 1.96 ± 0.90 and,
1.88 ± 3.97 mg/kg oil, respectively. These values were very close to the
predicted ones, which were 94.45 ± 10.13, 1.52 ± 0.12, and 1.57 ± 0.84 mg/kg
oil, respectively. The results of the antioxidant capacity of the oil extracts
indicated that the enriched oil using UAE appeared to be more potent than the
control. Hence, myrtle seeds presented high amounts of bioactive compounds
with antioxidant activity and were appropriate for soybean oil enrichment by
UAE

La bioinformatiuqe est une discipline fusion des disciplines de biologie, informatique et
traitement de l'information. Ce polycopier intitulé «Bioinformatique» a pour but d’expliquer le
rôle de l’informatique dans le traitement des données. Il est assuré pour les étudiants de master
I Nutrition et Sciences Des Aliments, Microbiologie Appliquée, Biochimie Appliquée. Ce
cours suppose connues des notions de base sur les statistiques, les outils informatiques.
d’intégrer ces données d’origines très diverses pour modéliser les systèmes vivants afin de
comprendre et prédire leurs comportements (biologie systémique ou biologie des systèmes)
dans des conditions de fonctionnement normales ou pathologiques. L’étude des banques, bases
de données de séquences – Alignement des séquences - Analyse, prédiction sur les séquences
et méthodes de comparaison sont illustrées dans ce polycopié afin de les exploiter dans les
laboratoires de recherches pour la préparation des mémoires de fins de cycles.

La validation des méthodes analytiques est un problème récurrent dans les laboratoires.
Ce polycopier intitulé « Validation Des Méthodes Analytiques » a pour but d’expliquer les
objectifs et principes fondamentaux de la validation en présentant les principes de l’assurance
qualité dans les laboratoires. Il est assuré pour les étudiants de master I Nutrition et Sciences
Des Aliments. Ce cours suppose connues des notions de base des biostatistiques ainsi que des
généralités sur les plans d’expériences. Les Principes et vocabulaire pour la validation des
méthodes ont été définis pour évaluer les performances d’une méthode à l’aide de
caractéristiques ; la sélectivité, la spécificité, la justesse, la linéarité, la répétabilité, la
reproductibilité, robustesse et les limites de détection. Quelques exemples de protocoles pour
la validation et la vérification d’une méthode d’analyse en chimie, et en microbiologie sont
illustrés dans ce polycopié afin de les exploiter dans les laboratoires de recherches pour la
préparation des mémoires de fins de cycles.

Background: Drying constitutes the most common method of food preservation that may degrade nutrients
compounds in fruits due to high temperatures and long drying times. Myrtus communis is one of the
important aromatic and medicinal species, owing to these reasons, the development of new methods of drying
is essential for the preservation and valorization of myrtle fruits. Aims: The aim of the present study was to
investigate the effect of ultrasound as a pre-treatment (USP) at 10 min to 90 min in microwave-drying (MD)
on the dehydration of myrtle Myrtus communis fruits, on phytochemical content, and on antioxidant
activity. Methods: ultrasound drying as pretreatment in microwave drying, extraction yield efficiency and
antioxidant activity were measured using radical scavenging assay (DPPH•) and reducing power in addition
the PCA analysis was investigated to detect the relationships between variables. Results: The ultrasound
pretreatment reduced notably the microwave drying time. A pretreatment of 90 min provided the most rapid
drying kinetics (6 min and 5.5 min for 500 w and 700 w respectively) compared to the microwave drying
alone (18 min and 11 min for 500 w and 700 w respectively). A higher phytochemical content; 219.90 ±
0.69 mg GAE/g for total phenol content (TPC) was obtained compared to those from MD and conventional
drying (CD); 193.79 ± 0.99 mg GAE/g and 148.16 ± 0.95 mg GAE/g for TPC respectively. Indeed, the
antioxidant activity tests revealed that ultrasound pretreatment is one of the most efficient methods to
preserve the quality and the hydrogen and/or electron-donating ability of antioxidants for neutralizing DPPH
radicals (98.63 %) test and reducing ferric ions to ferrous ones. Effectively, the results of PCA analysis show
a higher positive correlation between antioxidant activity and flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins contents.
Conclusions: Ultrasound pretreatment is expected to be a potential alternative to preserve fruit quality during
microwave drying because it can reduce drying time at ambient temperatures while preserving natural heatsensitive nutritive components, flavor, and color

In the present study, we have optimized by surface response methodology (BBD model) phenolic compounds
recovery using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) as an innovative technique. The extraction was carried out
under different experimental conditions: ethanol/water (x1, 30–80 %), time (x2, 30–180 s), microwave power
(x3, 500–900 W) and solvent to sample ratio (x4, 20:1 40:1, v/w). Total phenolics content (TPC) and antioxidant
activities (AA) of onion extract were investigated on 2,2− 9-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid
(ABTS+)•, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) tests, and on
biological model oxidation, human low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The maximum predicted TPC under the
optimal MAE conditions (70 % ethanol), 700 W microwave power, 65 s extraction time and 25 mL g–1 solvent to
solid ratio), was 10.90 ± 0.88 mg GAE g–1 DW. The AA of MAE or conventional extraction (CE) extract showed
similar activities to neutralize DPPH, ABTS or AAPH derived radicals. The modified Gompertz model has been
successfully used to describe CDs production kinetic in LDL Cu2+-mediated oxidation. This allowed the estimation of the lag time (Tlag) and the oxidation propagation rate (Rp) with precision. LDL oxidation assay showed
that red onion extract increased significantly Tlag and giving an increased protection ratio at higher concentration (2.95 μmol L− 1) of 180 % and 172 % for MAE and CE methods, respectively. However, Rp and CDs
production remained constant. Results showed that microwave used for extraction does not affect the composition and antioxidant properties of onion sample. Red onion may be an important source of bioactive compounds and could promote health consumers.

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to enriched vegetal oil with natural antioxidants contained in seeds Myrtus communis plan using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The effect of the addition of phenolic extracts on phenolic composition and antioxidant activity was studies. Under the optimized conditions (15 C° for temperature and 38,5 for time min), the experimental values for TPC, carotenoids and chlorophylls were (144,09 ±8,04 GAE mg/kg oil) , (2,09± 0,165 mg/kg oil) , (5,19 ± 0,507mg /kg oil) and were very close to the predicted values (145,40 ± 17,8mg EAG/kg oil ), (1,77± 0,49 mg /kg oil ), (1,51 ±0,99 mg/kg oil ) respectively , allowing also to confirm the model validity. The present work demonstrated that, compared to simple oil, UAE is an efficient method for the increase of the antioxidant properties of enriched vegetable oil enabling to reduce the working time.

Abstract
The present study deals with the optimization of phenolic compounds extraction
from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) waste, and development of a functional
enriched edible oil with potential health promoting effects.. Box–Behnken
Design (BBD), a widely used form of response surface methodology (RSM), was
applied to investigate the effect of process variables on the microwave-assisted
extraction (MAE) for the recovery of total phenolic compounds (TPC).
Independent variables including ethanol concentration (%), microwave power
(W), irradiation time (min), solvent-to-material ratio (mL/g) for MAE were
studied. The statistical analysis revealed that the optimal MAE conditions were
obtained with 72 % ethanol as extraction solvent, 81:1 mL/g of solvent/solid
ratio, 4 min and 900 W for irradiation time and power, respectively. Maximum
predicted TPC recovery under the optimized conditions was 37.43 ± 1.26 mg
GAE/g DW, which was close to the experimental value 36.10 ± 0.72, indicating
suitability of the employed model and the success of RSM in optimizing the
extraction conditions. The TPC confirmed the efficiency of MAE methods when
compared with the conventional method. The studied edible oil enriched with the
optimized extract had a content of phenolic compounds equivalent to 56.41 ±
2.03 μg/mL compared to the control oil.

Abstract: Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction of phenolics from pericap of Myrtus communis using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The results were compared with those obtained by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and conventional solvent extraction (CSE) methods. The individual compounds of the optimized extract obtained by UAE were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn ). The yield of total phenolic compounds (TPC) was affected more significantly by ethanol concentration, irradiation time, liquid solvent-to-solid ratio (p < 0.0001) and amplitude (p = 0.0421) and optimal parameters conditions set by the RSM model were 70% (v/v), 7.5 min and 30%, respectively. The experimental yield of TPC
(241.66 ± 12.77 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight) confirmed the predicted value (235.52 ± 9.9 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight), allowing also to confirm the model validity. Under optimized conditions, UAE was more efficient than MAE and CSE in extracting antioxidants, which comprised mostly myricetin glycosides. Globally, the present work demonstrated that, compared to MAE and CSE, UAE is an efficient method for phenolic extraction from M. communis pericarp, enabling to reduce the working time and the solvent consumption.
Keywords: myrtle; ultrasound-assisted extraction; phenolic compounds; antioxidant capacity;
liquid chromatography analysis; mass spectrometry

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility to improve the nutritional value of olive oil by enriching it in phenolic compounds, chlorophylls and carotenoids extracted from the pericarp of myrtle fruit (Myrtus comminus L) by ultrasound-assisted extraction. The experimental design was used to optimize the influence of the temperature and time conditions on TPC, chlorophylls and carotenoids compounds, which are 45°C/45min, 25°C/45min and 30°C/45min respectively. The high total phenolic content of 144.44 mg GAE/kg for TPCs, 10.75 mg/kg for chlorophylls and 5.82mg/kg for carotenoids obtained by optimized (UAE) confirm the efficiency of this process. A good correlation has been found between bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. These results show that the UAE is an effective method for the enrichment of olive oil by myrtle bioactive compounds.
Keywords: Enrichment of olive oil, optimization, ultrasound assisted Extraction, total phenolic compounds, pericarp, and response surface methodology.

ECO-SECHAGE ET ECO-EXTRACTIN DES SUBSTANCES BIOACTIVES D UNE PLANTE D'INTERET

Abstract:
Background: Myrtle (Myrtus communis L) may constitute an interesting dietary source of health protective compounds.
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of total phenolic compounds (TPC) from myrtle leaf, stems, pericarp,
and seeds was studied and the results were compared with those of the conventional method extraction
(CME) in terms of extraction time.
Methods: Extraction yield/efficiency and antioxidant activity were measured using radical scavenging assay
(DPPH•) and reducing power.
Results: The results show that the MAE was higher in terms of saving energy, extraction time (62 s) and extraction
efficiency of bioactive compound compared to CME (2 h). Leaf presented the optimum content of total
phenols (250 mg GAE.g−1 DW) and flavonoids (13.65 mg GAE.g−1 DW). However, the anthocyanin content was
most important in pericarp extract (176.50±2.17 mg Cyd-3-glu g−1 DW). The antioxidant activity was important
in all parts, mainly in leaves. The results indicated that appropriate microwave treatment could be an efficient
process to phenolic compounds recovery and thus, better the antioxidant activity of myrtle extract.
Conclusions: Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the experimental data shows that the distribution
of the myrtle phenolic compounds depended on their plant part localization as well as the extraction method.

Summary:
Myrtus communis is one of the important aromatic and medicinal species from the Myrtaceae. Different parts of the plant have
found various uses in the food industry, such as, in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical. The current study investigated the capability
of microwave and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (MAE and UAE) and microwave assisted –ultrasound pretreatment
(MD-AUP) in improving the extraction and n of bioactive phenolic compounds. The use of microwave, ultrasound in the
pharmaceutics industry present numerous advantages, such as productivity, decrease of the costs and environmental impact,
resulting in the release of better natural bioactive compounds. The first part of this study, a complete picture of current knowledge
on Myrtus communis plant, its distribution, composition and its use in the pharmaceutical industries are described. In addition,
it provides the necessary theoretical background and some details about extraction by microwaves, ultrasound, the mechanism,
some applications, and environmental impacts. The second part consists of three distinct chapters. Firstly, show the comparison
of the effects of MAE and CME on the extraction efficiency from different myrtle parts in terms phenolic compounds, and to
estimate the recovery and the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. The second chapter consist on the optimization of UAE
process parameters using a RSM to maximize the content of extracted phenolic. From the acquired knowledge, with these
empirical approaches of UAE optimized methodology, it is possible to make a qualitative and quantitative comparison between
these methods (microwave and ultrasound) and with one traditional extraction. In the chapter three, the evaluate the effect of
ultrasound pre-treatments on pericarp drying was investigated. The influence of pre-treatments on water loss, total phenol
content and their antioxidant activity were analyzed. The comparison between the microwave drying assisted by ultrasound
pretreatment, conventional and microwave drying was also investigated. The purpose behind this generalization approach is, to
offer ultimately , a drying process and antioxidant separation method, green simple, fast and effective (Green separation).

Physicochemical parameters and anthocyanins kinetic degradation modelling from blood orange juice as affected by ascorbic acid fortification during pasteurisation.

Abstract
The" pure fruit juice" or" 100% pure juice" are beforehand the most" natural". They are obtained by a simple squeezing (within 24 hours after harvesting) of blood orange carefully selected; without any addition: no coloring, no preservatives added (natural or synthetic), no water or sugar added (blood orange pressed and nothing else), for which only a fortification by vitamin C and a pasteurisation is permitted. For that, the variation of anthocyanins and physico-chemical parameters (pH, titratable acidity, and soluble solid content) of the blood orange juice (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) during pasteurisation was monitored at 60 to 90 C. The effect of ascorbic acid fortification (at 100 ppm) and temperature/time pasteurisation on the kinetic behaviour of anthocyanins degradation was determined.

tDesign of experiments (DOE) based on central composite design (CCD) and artificial neural networks(ANNs) were efficaciously applied for the study of the operating parameters of ultrasound assisted extrac-tion (UAE) in the recovery of phenolic compounds from P. lentiscus leaves. These models were usedto evaluate the effects of process variables and their interaction toward the attainment of their opti-mum conditions. Under the optimal conditions (13.79 min extraction time, 33.82 % amplitude and 30.99% ethanol proportion), DOE and ANN models predicted a maximum response of 140.55 and 138.3452mgGAE/gdw, respectively. A mean value of 142.76 ± 19.98 mgGAE/gdw, obtained from real experiments,demonstrated the validation of the extraction models. A comparison between the model results andexperimental data gave high correlation coefficients (R2ANN= 0.999, R2RSM= 0.981), adjusted coefficients(RadjANN= 0.999, RadjRSM= 0.967) and low root mean square errors (RMSEANN= 0.37 and RMSERSM= 4.65)and showed that the two models were able to predict a total phenolic compounds (TPC) by green extrac-tion ultrasound process. The results of ANN were found to be more consistent than DOE since betterstatistical parameters were obtained.

KENITIC DEGRADATION MODELLING OF ANTHOCYANS AND ASCORBIC ACID IN STORED BLOOD ORANGE JUICE

/MADI Nadia, ALOUI Salima , MADANI Khodir : Traitement des rejets laitiers par éléctroflottation . Le 24ème Forum des Sciences Biologiques et de Biotechnologie
Hôtel El Mouradi Club Kantaoui à Sousse Tunisie, du 25 au 28 mars 2013