M. MERATATE Faiza

.Extraction des huiles essentielles par clevenger
Les huiles essentielles « H.E » sont des produits du métabolisme secondaire spécifiques aux végétaux supérieurs, elles sont généralement volatiles, obtenues par les méthodes de distillation ou par l'extraction à l'aide de solvants, dans les conditions normales, ces huiles sont aussi connues sous les noms d'huiles volatiles, ou encore essences.

Thapsia garganica is a widespread species in Algeria, best known for the use of its roots in cooking and traditional medicine. This medicinal plant has been known since ancient times for its curative and preventive efficacy, it belongs to the apiaceae family. In our study we aimed to assess the evaluation of biological activities of this plant.
We started this work with the methanolic extraction of all the components contained in the plant in order to obtain a crude extract, which we separated with different polar solvents “petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate and n-butanol” The flavonoids were evaluated by the method of aluminum chlorides AlCl3, the content is estimated at 5.6009 mg EQ / g dry matter in the crude extract. The DPPH test has attracted a lot of attention due to its speed, sensitivity and reproducibility. The IC 50 of the different extracts are compared with the BHT standard. The IC50s in the order of antioxidant power were: petroleum ether (42,2938144 mg/ ml) > acetate ethyl (0,67893784mg / ml> BHT (0.0059 mg / ml).
Depending on the results we have obtained, we can predict that flavonoids are first class antioxidant agents.

Bassia Indica is an Algerian plant from the Chenopodiaceae family. This halophyte herb, commonly known as Indian bassia or wild spinach, is widely distributed across arid and semi-arid zones of Africa, Asia and Australia, with a rich history of traditional uses in cultural and medicinal contexts [1].
In our study we aimed to assess the evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant and anti- inflammatory activities of the organic extracts isolated from this plant.
The four extracts were obtained by hydro-ethanoic maceration, followed by liquid- liquid extraction to separate the crude extract into four phases using organic solvents with different polarities (Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol).
The different extracts (Petroleum ether and n-butanol) possess a very weak antibacterial activity while the chloroform extract showed an inhibition zone of (12 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923). Interestingly, the petroleum ether extract exerted potent antioxidant activity against the free radical DPPH with an IC₅₀=0.329 mg/ml, whereas both chloroform and n-butanol extracts exhibited potent inhibition against the DPPH, with IC₅₀ values respectively cited as follows: 0.31 mg/ml and 0.203 mg/ml.
Among the four isolated extracts, the ethyl acetate extract displayed promising anti- inflammatory activity against protein denaturation with a concentration of 20mg/ml, while the other extracts have shown very weak results compared with that of the standard.
Finally, B. Indica plant is considered as a potential economic source of candidate bioactive chemicals with functional properties .

Secondary plant metabolites are various chemical compound produced by the plant cell through metabolic pathways derived from the primary metabolic pathways. They have been depicted as antibiotic, antifungal and antiviral and in this manner can protect plants from pathogenic microorganisms [1].
The genus Phlomis, perennial herbs of the family Lamiaceae, consists of more than 100 species distributed in Africa, Asia and Europe.Some of the biological effects of this genus may be related to the presence of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds [2].
The Phlomis herba-venti has been used as anti-inflammation and anti-infection in traditional medicine in Iran[3].
The present study was aimed to evaluate the biological activities and to determine the total phenolic and flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of the medicinal plant « Phlomis herba venti» from Msila (Algeria) .
Two extracts were prepared by cold maceration of the aerial parts of the plant in petroleum ether and butanol for a period of 72 hours. The obtained extracts were evaluated against five bacterial strains using disc diffusion method. Then, their anti-oxidant capacities were assessed by DPPH assay, and their total phenolic and flavonoids contents measured by Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum trichloride assays.
The results of the phytochemical screening indicated the presence of coumarins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and catechetical tannins.The petroleum ether extract showed good antibacterial activity against almost all bacterial strains with an inhibition zone of 11-13 mm. The amounts of total phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in n-butanol extract (9.567 mg GAE and 46.90 mg QE/g of extract, respectively). n-butanol extract revealed a strong antioxidant activity in DPPH IC50 =66,8612 μg/ml.
The n-butanol extract of this plant exhibited the most powerful effect on the DPPH scavenging activity, while the Ethyl acetate extract exhibited the most effective antimicrobial activity. These findings identified Phlomis herba venti as a potential plant exhibiting antioxydante and antimicrobial properties.

Artificial intelligence is considered as the latest creation of the human mind, and it is also one of the pivotal products of the fourth industrial revolution that gave birth to smart programs and applications which facilitated and contributed to serving humanity. Furthermore, artificial intelligence has many advanced mental characteristics and processes through which it can simulate the human mind, such as logical thinking, the ability to answer, renewed and continuous learning, and numerous skills. The list is endless.
The services provided by artificial intelligence have made it an effective investment in many domains, but it also carries great risks and challenges and causes many damages such as violation of personal rights as well as physical harm resulting from smart machines, such as: self-driving cars, robots and others. Therefore, it is necessary to study whether traditional civil liability rules are sufficient to face damages arising from artificial intelligence. Therefore, new and effective rules have been developed to adapt to technological developments and innovations, such as the theory of human deputy, as well as by supporting insurance and compensation funds through which the victim can obtain compensation if he struggles from AI systems.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Artificial intelligence damages, Traditional civil liability, Human deputy theory, Insurance, Indemnity funds.

TheAlgerianplant BassiaIndica belongstotheChenopodiaceaefamily,ahalophyteherb
widespreadinaridzonesdesertsandalkalinesoils.Inourstudyweaimedtoassessthe
evaluationofantibacterial,antioxidantandanti-inflammatoryactivitiesoftheorganicextracts
isolatedfromthisplant.
Thefourextractswereobtainedbyhydro-ethanoicmaceration,followedbyliquid-liquid
extractiontoseparatethecrudeextractintofourphasesusingorganicsolvantswithdifferent
polarities(Petroleumether,chloroform,ethylacetateandn-butanol).
Thedifferentextracts(Petroleumetherandn-butanol)possessaveryweakantibacterial
activitywhilethechloroformextractshowedaninhibitionzoneof(12mm)against
Staphylococcusaureus(ATCC25923).Interestingly,thepetroleumetherextractexerted
potentantioxidantactivityagainstthefreeradicalDPPHwithanIC50=0.329mg/ml,while
bothchloroformandn-butanolextractsexhibitedpotentinhibitionagainsttheDPPH,with
IC50valuesrespectivelycitedasfollows:0.31mg/mland0.203mg/ml
Amongthefourisolatedextracts,theethylacetateextractdisplayedpromisinganti-
inflammatoryactivityagainstproteindenaturationwithaconcentrationof20mg/ml,whilethe
otherextractshaveveryweakresultscomparedwiththatofthestandard.
Finally,B.Indicaplantisconsideredasapotentialsourceofcandidatebioactivecompounds
withfunctionalcharacteristics.

Abstract: For a study on the vegetation of the Dreat forest, located in the chain of Western Hodna in a semi-arid zone of central Algeria. 94 stations were sampled following a subjective sampling during the 4 years 2018-2021 in order to identify the main plant species constituting the floristic procession of these ecosystems. In addition, a classification of phytosociological groups is carried out following statistical analyses (AC, AHC) to study the vegetation as well as a phytosociological typology and syntaxonomic units. This analysis showed a considerable species richness, estimated at around 471 taxa belonging to 284 genera and 66 families. Within the prospected region, the analysis of the raw phytogeographical spectrum indicates a superiority of the Mediterranean group with 259 species. The pluriregional element (or group with a wide distribution) with 114 species occupies the second chorological position followed by the northern element (Nordic group) with 60 species. Finally, the endemics with 38 species.The phytosociological study of the Dreat mountains has revealed ten plant groups belonging to six phytosociological classes : the class of Quercetea ilicis Braun-Blanquet 1947, the class of Rosmarinetea officinalis Braun-Blanquet 1947 em Rivas Martinez, Diaz, Prieto, Loidi & Penas, 1991, the class Nerio -Tamaricetea Braun-Blanquet & Bolos 1956 (1957), the class Lygeo-Stipetea Rivas Martinez 1977, em Kaabeche 1990, the class Tuberarietea guttatae Braun-Blanquet 1952 em Rivas Martinez 1977 and the class Stellarietea mediae R. TX. Lohmeyer & Preising.
Keywords : flora, phytosociology, data analysis, CA, AHC, regressive dynamics.

The use of biotechnology and its various applications is a scientific and civilized revolution initiated by developed countries such as the United States of America, where it has achieved great scientific victories and famous achievements, which called on other countries to follow the example of those developed countries to benefit from biotechnology in the development and advancement of their societies.
The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity adopted at the Earth Summit is the closest international attempt to address problems related to international testing of GMOs. Among the international instruments providing for trade measures to protect the environment, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity takes pride of place. This Protocol takes a precautionary approach in achieving its objective of seeking to ensure an adequate level of protection in the transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms.
Before the entry into force of the Cartagena Protocol, living modified organisms were governed by the law of the World Trade Organization, but after the entry into force of this protocol, the trade in living modified organisms proceeded with two different systems, where the first system is represented in the agreements of the World Trade Organization, while the second system is represented in international law For the environment and exactly in the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, this duplication in the conduct of the trade of modified organisms may result in a collision between the World Trade Organization agreements and the Cartagena Protocol, so some questions can be raised about the relationship between the two systems, we seek through this intervention to clarify the relationship between the relevant World Trade Organization agreements GMOs and the Cartagena Protocol

Abstract
The ethno-botanical surveys carried out using the questionnaire sheets made it possible to inventory 17 medicinal species
intended for the treatment of functional intestinal disorders and to collect as much information as possible concerning local
traditional therapeutic uses in the region of Sidi Aissa. The leaves and seeds are the most used part, while the mode of
preparation differs according to the plant but the decoction and the infusion remain the most widespread mode.
These results can be considered as a source of information for scientific research in the field of phytochemistry and
pharmacology.

The flora of the cereal fields and of the olive groves of Hammam Dlaa has 116 species belonging to 27 botanical families and 94 genera.Note the presence of native flora which finds refuge at the edge of the fieds.Three families ,the Asteraceae,the poaceae and the Brassicaceae respectively dominate.Mediterranean floristics predominate and characterize the wild flora of the fields.Species biological types reveal the dominance of therophytes over all biological types ,followed by hemicryptophytes and geophytes.
Keywords :Weed flora,plants of economic interest, inventory,chorology,M’sila,Algeria.

Ce cour, s’adresse aux étudiants de la troisième année chimie analytique, regroupe les différentes méthodes de séparation des phases et chromatographie selon le canevas du ministère. Cette cour est divisée en deux parties : la première partie comprend : la distillation, la recristallisation, l’extraction et la filtration tandis que la deuxième partie est consacrée au chromatographie : chromatographie sur couche mince « CCM », chromatographie sur colonne « CC », chromatographie sur chromatographie liquide haute performance « HPLC », Chromatographie en phase gazeuse (CPG).
Nous avons clôturé notre polycopié par une bibliographie qui englobe les ressources mentionnées dans l’ouvrage.
Le terme chromatographie vient du grec « chroma : couleur » et « graphein :écrire » a été réalisée en1906 par le botaniste russe Mikhaïl Tswett chromatographie et consistait à séparer les pigments d'une feuille d'épinard sur une colonne en CaCO3
La chromatographie est une méthode de séparation des constituants de mélanges variés, utilisée en analyse à des fins d'indentification et de quantification.
Le principe de basse repose sur les équilibres de concentration qui apparaissent lorsqu'un composé est mis en présence de deux phases non miscibles, l'une dite stationnaire, est emprisonnée dans une colonne ou fixée sur un support plan et l'autre, dite mobile, se déplace au contact de la première. Par un bon choix des deux phases, les composés présents dans un mélange sont généralement entraînés à des vitesses différentes ce qui provoque leur séparation.

Résumé :
La course au développement économique et au progrès technologique des pays a entraîné une augmentation des activités humaines, qui ont entraîné une pollution de l'environnement et des catastrophes naturelles. La tendance des pays développés à éliminer leurs déchets dangereux en les transportant hors de leur territoire s'est également accrue, et ces déchets sont souvent transportés vers les pays en développement et les pays pauvres. Ces derniers ne disposent pas de technologies suffisantes et avancées pour gérer et recycler les déchets de manière écologiquement rationnelle, ce qui entraîne de graves conséquences sur l'environnement et la santé humaine.
Les pays du monde entier ont convenu de la nécessité de faire face à ce problème, qui est devenu une menace pour la sécurité nationale et internationale. La réponse internationale à la nécessité de faire face à ce danger a commencé au début des années 80 du siècle dernier et, grâce aux efforts du Programme des Nations Unies pour l'environnement, la Convention de Bâle sur le contrôle des déchets dangereux et de leur élimination au-delà des frontières a été adoptée le 22 mars 1989. La Convention est entrée en vigueur le 5 mai 1992 conformément au premier paragraphe de l'article 25 de la Convention.
La Convention de Bâle est le premier accord international sur le contrôle des déchets dangereux transfrontières et de leur élimination. En raison des coûts élevés de l'élimination des déchets dangereux à l'étranger, les pays se sont précipités vers d'autres solutions, telles que le recyclage et le traitement. Des programmes ont été élaborés pour prévenir la pollution, les technologies de production propres et le recyclage et la valorisation des déchets, en raison de leurs dimensions environnementales et économiques. Nous notons que l'Algérie a suivi le rythme des évolutions des pays avancés dans ce domaine, et a accordé une grande importance à la gestion, au recyclage et au traitement des déchets dangereux, à travers les programmes prévus à cet effet ou à travers les institutions qu'elle a créées pour suivre et contrôler le processus de gestion des déchets, à l'instar de l'Agence Nationale des Déchets.
Mots clés : Recyclage des déchets, déchets dangereux, protection de l'environnement, Convention de Bâle sur le contrôle des mouvements transfrontières de déchets dangereux et de leur élimination, 22 mars 1989.

Abstract : The plant Thapsia garganica belongs to the family Apiaceae and is widespread in the Mediterranean basin. It is considered one of the most famous medicinal plants since ancient times. We started this work with the methanolic extraction of all the components contained in the plant in order to obtain a crude extract, which we separated with different polar solvents “petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate and n-butanol”
The flavonoids were evaluated by the method of aluminum chlorides AlCl3, the content is estimated at 5.6009 mg EQ / g dry matter in the crude extract.
We extracted the essential oils using a Clevenger device, and then we studied the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of all extracts and compared them among themselves.
Key words: medicinal plants, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity.

Extraction des huiles essentielles

Les particularités de l'investissement dans les zones d'ombre en Algérie

The essential oil extracted from Carduncellus helenioides was analyzed using GC/EIMS. It was
characterized by diepicedrene-1-oxide (10.6%), isoaromadendrene epoxide (7.1 %), caryophyllene
oxide (6.20 %) , eudesmol (6.17 %) and aromadendrene oxide (1.3 %) as major constituents. The
antibacterial activity of the essential oil of this plant were carrying out by disc diffusion method against
four bacterial strains and the oil was only active against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.

he increased interest in alternative natural substances is driving the researchcommunity to find new uses and applications of these substances. Zizyphora hispanicais a wide spread Mediterranean plant used in folk medicine to cure a variety of diseasesand is widely distributed in Algeria; for that we study the antioxidant and theantibacterial activity of its extract and essential oils, The antioxidant activitydetermined by the DPPH test showed that The extracts reveal a relative high antioxidantcapacity then the EO. The EO inhibits strongly the growth of Enterococcus faecalisATCC 49452 and Acinetobacter banmanu ATCC 1966. The essence showed a strongantibacterial and antifungal activity.