M. AMROUNE Abdelouahab

2ème Séminaire National Environnement et Gestion Durable (SNEGD’23). Département de Chimie et le Laboratoire Environnement et Développement Durable

This study investigates the hydrogeochemical processes of groundwater in the Naama watershed in southwestern Algeria, aiming to determine the relationship between geochemical processes and groundwater quality. Multivariate statistical and thermodynamic techniques were applied to 22 groundwater samples to understand the hydrochemical evolution of the watershed. The results indicate that the water is predominantly characterized by a calcium-bicarbonate water type in the center of the study area (23% of samples) and a sodium chloride sulfate water type mainly located in the north due to Triassic dissolution and proximity to Sabkha (50% of samples), and the remaining 27% of samples are represented by the sulfate-sodium facies. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis revealed three major hydrochemical types reflecting different hydrochemical processes occurring along groundwater flow as electrical conductivity increased. The findings of this study could inform strategies for the sustainable management of groundwater resources in the Naama region and similar regions.

Since the late 1999, extensive groundwater extraction within the Sahara aquifer system has been investigated. In this study we analyze the overexploitation of the thermal groundwater stored in the Continental Intercalary aquifer in the Algerian province of Ghardaia. The Saharan aquifer system is recognized by a large number of over 8800 boreholes and springs, on which 3500 operate the Continental Intercalary series and 5300 operate the Terminal complex. This work describes the groundwater order problem of overexploitation and the flows that exploit this hydrothermal system to be identified and analyzed. We have negative impacts on groundwater in that region due to the practice of certain activities which directly affect the quantity causing the water level of the aquifer to be lowered. Using theoretical context, water quality status can be assessed and recommendations suggested. Results show that we have 387.86 million m3/yr of flow today which is determined 30 m drawdowns. Measures need to be taken until the effects of the appeal become irreversible and the legal system instruments need practical applicability to prevent this context from extending to other areas.

Première conférence hybride internationale sur le changement climatique, les géo-ressources et le développement durable

1st National Workshop on Intelligent Agriculture. Centre de recherches en agropastoralisme

Sur une période de 50 ans (1969-2019), le niveau piézométrique montre une baisse continue qui atteint 10m pour la nappe Mio-Plio-Quaternaire et un tarissement total pour la nappe phréatique d’âge quaternaire. Les résultats des analyses chimiques de 25 échantillons d’eau souterraine ont été traités à l’aide de l’analyse factorielle (FA) et la classification ascendante hiérarchique (CAH). Ceci a permis de déterminer trois groupes d’eaux souterraines dans la plaine. Les eaux de type bicarbonate calcique correspondent à des eaux provenant des massifs carbonatés en zone de recharge dans la partie nord. A l’inverse, les eaux de type sulfatée chlorurée sodique au voisinage du Chott El Hodna au Sud. Un troisième type qui est un mélange des deux types précédents. En termes de contenu isotopique des eaux souterraines en δ2H et δ18O, la recharge de l’aquifère ayant deux origines diverses; la première recharge est assuré principalement au niveau des affleurements carbonatés du Nord et sous une infiltration assez rapide où il n’y a pas de variation isotopique par évaporation. Alors que, la deuxième alimentation se fait par les eaux salées du Chott El Hodna au Sud où l’influence du phénomène d’évaporation est significative.

Université, Alexandru Ioan Cuza” de Iasi Faculté de Géographie et Géologie Département de Géographie

Les résultats des analyses chimiques de 25 échantillons d’eau souterraine ont été traités à l’aide de l’analyse factorielle (FA) et la classification ascendante hiérarchique (CAH). Ceci a permis de déterminer trois groupes d’eaux souterraines dans la plaine. Les eaux de type bicarbonate calcique correspondent à des eaux provenant des massifs carbonatés en zone de recharge dans la partie nord. A l’inverse, les eaux de type sulfatée chlorurée sodique au voisinage du Chott El Hodna au Sud. Un troisième type qui est un mélange des deux types précédents. La droite globale des eaux météorique (DGEM) montre que l’alimentation des eaux du Mio-Plio-Quaternaires correspondrait à δ18O = -8,5 ‰ et δ2H = -59,2 ‰, indiquant une recharge à partir des monts du Hodna au Nord et que cette recharge était très rapide et ne subit aucune modification isotopique. Alors que les eaux au niveau du Chott El Hodna ont subit une forte évaporation. Les valeurs du 14C montrent que les eaux de la nappe Mio-Plio-Quaternaires sont très anciennes. Cet âge est cependant élevé (supérieur à 20 000 ans) ce qui indique un temps de transfert très long.

1ères Journées Internationales des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie.

Le bassin du Hodna situé au Sud-Est de l’Algérie dans l’étage climatique aride, connaît ces dernières années une baisse de niveau piézométrique, due à la surexploitation de la nappe Mio-Plio-Quaternaire et au changement climatique. Pour comprendre le fonctionnement de cette nappe alluviale, définir les principaux facteurs régissant l'hydrochimie à l'échelle d’une plaine et les mécanismes de l'origine des eaux et de la recharge de l'aquifère ; deux méthodes ont été utilisées : la géochimie, les techniques statistiques multivariées et les isotopes. Les résultats des analyses chimiques de 25 échantillons d’eau souterraine ont été traités à l’aide de l’analyse factorielle (FA) et la classification ascendante hiérarchique (CAH). Ceci a permis de déterminer trois groupes d’eaux souterraines dans la plaine. Les eaux de type bicarbonate calcique correspondent à des eaux provenant des massifs carbonatés en zone de recharge dans la partie nord. A l’inverse, les eaux de type sulfatée chlorurée sodique au voisinage du Chott El Hodna au Sud. Un troisième type qui est un mélange des deux types précédents. La droite globale des eaux météorique (DGEM) montre que l’alimentation des eaux du Mio-Plio-Quaternaires correspondrait à δ18O = -8,5 ‰ et δ2H = -59,2 ‰, indiquant une recharge à partir des monts du Hodna au Nord et que cette recharge était très rapide et ne subit aucune modification isotopique. Alors que les eaux au niveau du Chott El Hodna ont subit une forte évaporation. Les valeurs du 14C montrent que les eaux de la nappe Mio-Plio-Quaternaires sont très anciennes. Cet âge est cependant élevé (supérieur à 20 000 ans) ce qui indique un temps de transfert très long. L’âge des eaux croit rapidement à mesure qu’on se rapproche du Chott, indiquant une circulation très lente.

Dans la plaine de Boussaâda, située au sud du M’Sila dans l’étage climatique aride, l'agriculture est connue un développement remarquable et la consommation des eaux souterraines ont conduit à un déséquilibre dans le système hydrogéologique et a provoqué une modification dans la chimie des eaux de la nappe exploitée. En raison du manque de mobilisation des ressources hydriques de surface, les eaux souterraines sont les seules ressources en eau pour l'homme et l'irrigation.
Une élévation des concentrations de nitrates (NO3−) dans les eaux souterraines est un problème croissant à l'échelle mondiale ces dernières années. Le but de la présente étude porte sur la contamination des eaux souterraines dans la région de Boussaâda par cet élément. Le faciès chimique dominant des eaux est sulfatée et chlorurée calcique et magnésienne, le risque de salinité est élevé à très élevé. Le risque de sodicité estimé par le rapport d’adsorption du sodium (SAR) est faible en raison de la grande salinité et de la texture du sol sableux. La contamination par les nitrates des eaux souterraines a été étudiée sur la base des données récentes et anciennes. De 2000 à 2018, le pourcentage d'échantillons contenant de concentrations en NO3- supérieures à 50 mg / L augmentent de 18 à 51%. L'étude a décrit une origine anthropique de cette pollution en raison d’augmentation de la population et le développement de l'agriculture où l’utilisation des engrais azotés été intensive.

The authorities of Constantine city have been working on the redevelopment and calibration of the Rhumel and Boumerzoug wadis since 2015. The latter calebrage works caused great damage to the banks, thus affecting the Quaternary geological formations in place (alluvial terraces, flood plains). A multidisciplinary research project based on a geomorphological and sedimentological approach was quickly set up to create a scientific data base before their total destruction and loss of physical traces all along the wadis. The present study focuses on the sedimentological and geochemical analysis of the alluvial deposits of Boumerzoug wadi in order to describe the sediments, to reconstitute their nature, and to interpret both the climatic evolution and the paleo-environments of the region. Sedimentological and geochemical results confirm the succession of deposition cycles linked to progressive climate change.

Knowledge of inputs into an aquifer environment still remains a taskdifficult to identify for a groundwater modelimplementingsoftware to simulatescenarios over long periods. Due to several related factors such rain and flow regimes,and the geology and morphometry of hydrological units, the water entering in the system is a random parameter.The objective of this study is to assess the flow deficit and the recharge rate in the North of Hodnaregion.The hydrometric stations network managed by the AgenceNationale desRessources Hydrauliques(ANRH), sometimes within the same watercourse, presents sufficient series to make comparisons between the flow deficits. Thus, starting from there, taking into account the sub-basins geology, we dissociatedthe evapotranspiration portion of water input from the infiltration.This method showed an 8% of recharge and82% of deficit

Le bassin du Hodna situé au Sud-Est de l’Algérie dans l’étage climatique aride, connaît ces dernières années une baisse de niveau piézométrique, due à la surexploitation de la nappe Mio-Plio-Quaternaire et au changement climatique. Pour comprendre le fonctionnement de cette nappe alluviale, définir les principaux facteurs régissant l'hydrochimie à l'échelle d’une plaine et les mécanismes de l'origine des eaux et de la recharge de l'aquifère ; trois méthodes ont été utilisées : la géochimie, les techniques statistiques multivariées et les isotopes. Les résultats des analyses chimiques de 18 échantillons d’eau souterraine ont été traités à l’aide de la classification ascendante hiérarchique et l’analyse factorielle. Ceci a permis de déterminer trois groupes d’eaux souterraines dans la plaine. Les eaux de type Ca-HCO3 correspondent à des eaux provenant des massifs carbonatés en zone de recharge dans la partie nord. A l’inverse, les eaux de type SO4-Cl-Na de la proximité d'un lac salé (Chott El Hodna) qui représente naturellement l’exutoire des eaux de la nappe. Un troisième type qui est un mélange des deux groupes précédents. Les techniques statistiques multivariées révèlent la présence de trois groupes. On passe respectivement d'amont en aval (Nord-Sud) d'une eau non salée à une eau fortement salée près du Chott. L'eau d'infiltration du groupe 1 se mélange avec l’ensemble des réserves de l’aquifère progressivement le long de l'écoulement souterrain pour aboutir à une eau plus chargée du groupe 3 dans la zone de décharge. La concentration élevée en nitrates est liée à l’activité agricole au niveau de la plaine. Les analyses isotopiques ont montré que la recharge de l'aquifère est très rapide et que ses eaux souterraines ont subi une forte évaporation dans le lac salé.

With the aid of the Geographic Information System (GIS), the present study aims to describe the relationship between groundwater flow systems and the distribution of chemical facies. The research also discusses the different geochemical processes which are responsible for the evolution of groundwater chemistry. Analytical studies of 25 groundwater samples indicate mean cation values such as Ca2+ (209.1 mg∙l1-), Mg2+ (116 mg∙l1-), Na+ (239 mg∙l1-) and K+ (2.8 mg∙l1-). The mean anion values are SO42- (3.7 mg∙l1-), Cl– (22.5 mg∙l1-), and NO3- (2.2 mg∙l1-). The GIS using topo to raster and multivariate statistical techniques were applied to the groundwater quality analyses obtained in order to define the major control factors that affect the plain hydrochemistry of Hodna. The statistical anal­ysis reveals the presence of three groups, presenting an increased potential of salt content in the groundwater flow direction. Initially, in the aquifer boundaries and in the infiltration areas, the facies result as bicarbonate. In the southern part of the plain, groundwater becomes SO4-Cl rich, because of the dissolution of salt formations and the presence of the Hodna salt water lake. The Cluster Analysis has described the effects of rock water activity and overexploitation of water intended for irrigation as being responsible for altering groundwater chemistry in the area. Rock-water interaction diagrams show chemical weathering caused by precipitation, along with dissolution of minerals forming soil. The scattered plots among ions revealed geochemical processes such as carbonate weathering, silicate weathering, cation exchange and reduction of sulphate.

la géochimie, les isotopes et les techniques statistiques multivariées. Les résultats des analyses chimiques a permis de déterminer trois groupes d’eaux souterraines dans la plaine. Le groupe G1 est de type Ca-HCO3 dans la partie nord. A l’inverse, le G2 est de type SO4-Cl-Na de la proximité d'un lac salé (Chott El Hodna).

La plaine de M’Sila situé au Sud-Est de l’Algérie dans l’étage climatique aride, connaît ces dernières années une diminution de niveau de la nappe alluviale, due principalement à la surexploitation et à la variabilité climatique. L’utilisation des différentes méthodes ont permis comprendre l’hydrodynamique de cette nappe, l'hydrochimie et l'origine de la recharge de l'aquifère : la géochimie, les isotopes et les techniques statistiques multivariées. Les résultats des analyses chimiques a permis de déterminer trois groupes d’eaux souterraines dans la plaine. Le groupe G1 est de type Ca-HCO3 dans la partie nord. A l’inverse, le G2 est de type SO4-Cl-Na de la proximité d'un lac salé (Chott El Hodna). Un G3 qui est un mélange des deux groupes précédents. Les analyses isotopiques ont montré que la recharge de l'aquifère est très rapide et que ses eaux souterraines ont subi une forte évaporation dans le lac salé.

This paper designs a novel estimation model for the temperature of limestone soil, which is abundant in Ghardaia in the Sahara of Algeria. The model was developed based on the radial basis function (RBF), and used to predict soil heat based on two inputs, namely, air temperature and solar radiation. The raw data were collected over more than three years by a meteorological station in the study area. For comparison, the soil temperature was also measured by soil probes arranged at an equal interval. The soil heat predicted by our model based on the raw data were contrasted with the results of field measurement. On this basis, the thermal comfort range of limestone soil for air-conditioning systems was determined. The results show that our model can effectively estimate the temperature of limestone soil in the study area, the thermal comfort range of limestone soil falls between 17.43°C and 29.90°C at the depth of 0.40m, and the temperature near the soil surface (<5m) has seasonal variations.

Béchar region is located in the southwest of Algeria, characterized by an arid climate with a Saharan tendency. It is subject to an increasing demand for water like all the great agglomerations due to the economic and demographic development. The groundwater of region is deteriorating because of the economic development, and the rapid growth of population. This article is devoted to the study of hydrochemistry and processes of mineralization of groundwater in this region. The results of physicochemicals analyses shows the same chemical facies of the chloride and sulphate-calcium and magnesium type, with high mineralization from North-East to South-West to the outlet of Béchar–Kénadsa basin. The determination of the mineralization origin and the main major elements were approached by multivariate statistical treatment and geochemical. This method has identified the main chemical phenomena involved in the acquisition of mineralization of water in this aquifer. These phenomena are mainly related to the dissolution of evaporite formations, the infiltration of runoff water and direct ion exchange and mixing. However, the high mineralization anomaly is observed at the centre of Béchar–Kénadsa basin progressively by going to the outlet of this basin.

The intensive exploitation of groundwater resources in the region of Hodna (Southeastern Algeria) has greatly influenced the hydrochemical functioning of the shallow aquifer. This resulted in a significant decline in the piezometric level of the aquifer. In terms of hydrochemical facies, water is Ca-HCO3 type in the Northern part of the plain in liaison with limestone and SO4-Cl-Na in the South in laison with the salt Lake. To highlight the groundwater hydrochemical processes, eighteen groundwater samples were sampled and analyzed. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to the obtained analyses on groundwater quality, in the purpose of defining the main controlling factors of the Hodna plain hydrochemistry. The statistical tool reveals the presence of three groups presenting increased potential of salt proportionally to groundwater flow direction. Initially, the facies in the aquifer boundaries and in the infiltration areas is bicarbonate. In the southern part of the plain, water becomes SO4-Cl rich because of the dissolution of salt formations and the salt Lake. Nitrate concentrations are related to agricultural activities in the plain. Isotopic analyzes showed that the aquifer recharge is very quick and that these waters have undergone high evaporation at the salt lake.

The intensive exploitation of groundwater resources in the region of Hodna (Southeastern Algeria)
has greatly influenced the hydrochemical functioning of the shallow aquifer. This resulted in
a significant decline in the piezometric level of the aquifer. In terms of hydrochemical facies, water
is Ca-HCO3 type in the Northern part of the plain due to limestone formations and SO4-Cl-Na type
in the South, because of the closeness of a salt lake. Eighteen groundwater samples were sampled
and analyzed, in order to highlight the groundwater hydrochemical processes. Multivariate statistical
techniques were applied to the obtained analyses on groundwater quality, with the purpose of
defining the main controlling factors affecting the Hodna plain hydrochemistry. The statistical analysis
reveals the presence of three groups, presenting an increased potential of salt proportionally to
groundwater flow direction. Initially, in the aquifer boundaries and in the infiltration areas the facies
result as bicarbonate. In the southern part of the plain, groundwater becomes SO4-Cl rich, because
of the dissolution of salt formations and the presence of the Hodna salt lake. Nitrate concentrations
could be related to agricultural activities in the plain. Isotopic analyzes showed that the aquifer
recharge is very quick and its groundwater have undergone high evaporation at the salt lake.

Le bassin du Hodna situé au Sud-Est de l’Algérie dans l’étage climatique aride, connaît ces dernières années une baisse de niveau piézométrique, due à la surexploitation de la nappe Mio-Plio-Quaternaire et au changement climatique. Pour comprendre le fonctionnement de cette nappe alluviale, définir les principaux facteurs régissant l'hydrochimie à l'échelle d’une plaine et les mécanismes de l'origine des eaux et de la recharge de l'aquifère ; trois méthodes ont été utilisées : la géochimie, les techniques statistiques multivariées et les isotopes. Les résultats des analyses chimiques a permis de déterminer trois groupes d’eaux souterraines dans la plaine. Le groupe G1 est de type Ca-HCO3 dans la partie nord. A l’inverse, le G2 est de type SO4-Cl-Na de la proximité d'un lac salé (Chott El Hodna). Un G3 qui est un mélange des deux groupes précédents. Les analyses isotopiques ont montré que la recharge de l'aquifère est très rapide et que ses eaux souterraines ont subi une forte évaporation dans le lac salé.

L'analyse de groupement a permis de classer 54 échantillons d'eau souterraine en trois groupes. On passe progressivement d'amont en aval (Nord-Sud) d'une eau non salée à une eau fortement salée prés du Chott. L'eau d'infiltration du groupe 1 se mélange avec l’ensemble des réserves de l’aquifère progressivement le long de l'écoulement souterrain pour aboutir à une eau plus chargée du groupe 3 dans la zone de décharge.
L'analyse en composantes principales appliquée à l'ensemble des données aboutit à trois facteurs (coefficient de corrélation, la matrice de corrélation et le critère de Kaiser) qui expliquent à l'aide d'un processus naturel d'interaction eau-roche dans les trois types d'eau.

Les techniques statistiques multivariées, analyse en composantes principales et classification ascendante hiérarchique ont été appliquées aux données sur la qualité des eaux souterraines de l'aquifère du Mio-Plio-Quaternaire. Cet aquifère se trouve dans la partie nord du bassin du Hodna au Sud de M'Sila, au Sud Est algérien. L'objectif de cette étude est de définir les principaux facteurs régissant l'hydrochimie à l'échelle d’une plaine.
L'analyse de groupement a permis de classer 54 échantillons d'eau souterraine en trois groupes. On passe progressivement d'amont en aval (Nord-Sud) d'une eau non salée à une eau fortement salée prés du Chott. L'eau d'infiltration du groupe 1 se mélange avec l’ensemble des réserves de l’aquifère progressivement le long de l'écoulement souterrain pour aboutir à une eau plus chargée du groupe 3 dans la zone de décharge.
L'analyse en composantes principales appliquée à l'ensemble des données aboutit à trois facteurs (coefficient de corrélation, la matrice de corrélation et le critère de Kaiser) qui expliquent à l'aide d'un processus naturel d'interaction eau-roche dans les trois types d'eau.
Les résultats de cette étude démontrent clairement l'utilité de l'analyse statistique multivariée dans l'étude hydrochimique.

Plain M'sila which covers an area of 780 km2 is characterized by an arid climate with very diverse natural resources like agriculture such as cereals and tree crops or natural like steppe species example stippa tenacissima L., and Artimisia herba alba and a sheep herd size large which is around 130 heads. Unfortunately, this wealth is subject to various constraints that hamper its proper management which are orders of ecological, agronomic, economic and social. To overcome these limitations of remedies are recommended for each factor. From an ecological perspective, it is recommended to do some practical steps; such as, setting the ground on both sides of El-Ksob River, purification of polluted waters of the dam, installed a sewage system in the living spaces of the area North Western Basin Hodna and finally preserve apricot orchards avoiding intercropping and in the distance of planting and the installation of windbreaks. The agronomic factor, it is very strategic need to improve the genetic diversity of different crops by increasing the number of adapted varieties, cultivars multiply endangered, expand irrigated areas and rehabilitating old orchards and fields, modernize farming practices and install an effective drainage system. For the economic side, we need fertilizers pesticides and fertilizers are carried to the farmers and at decent prices. Socially, more interventions are ground to suggest as the opening track inside the orchards and fields, halt urbanization at the expense of cultivated areas, the problem of land and then encourage young people has practiced this noble profession.

Algeria is vast country which presents several bioclimatic stages and agro-ecological which supports the production, a multitude of agricultural produce. The steppe forms integral part of this extent of which importance is hardly lower than the other areas. Hodna is in the middle of the Algerian steppe, it is a relatively degraded basin of 25000 km2, consequence of a prolonged dryness and an overgrazing. This study is devoted to the diagnosis of the current location of the perimeter of the plain of M'sila which is in the Western Northern zone of the basin of Hodna on a geographical area of a surface of 780 km2. The population is dense in North with the existence of an urban centre and a relatively populated rural area in the South, the population is less dense with relatively distant urban centers. The plain of M'sila receives an annual rain average of 213.20 mm, the rains of Autumn are sometimes torrential which gives birth to abrupt risings and devastators. The thermal amplitude of the station of M' sila is of 35.02°C. The dominant winds are the wind of West known as Dahraoui, wind of North known as Bahri and the Sirocco which is hot wind and blowing dryness of the South and which blocks the development of the cultures by accentuating their drying. The diagram ombrothermic allows to identify existence; only one period of 3 months dryness, the end of May at the end of August. The zone study is made up an alluvial plai. nof low altitudes, <400 m made of alluvial deposits of quaternary (alluvia, clays and sands) with a soft slope <3%, pertaining to steppe bioclimatic stage. The ground is not very advanced of alluvial contribution with limono-argillaceous texture rather deep. Occupation of the ground by the vegetation is diversified, one noted a broad diversity of the agricultural activity which settled current the last years which exceeds 54,700 ha, the fallow exceed half of agricultural surfaces during the agricultural partner 2009/2010, the cultivation of cereals which occupies 36% of the grounds followed by the fodder cultures and fruit-bearing arboriculture at a rate of 5 and 4%, respectively. The exploration of the not cultivated plant species of the area study, counts 550 tax relating to the steppe communities with Chott El Hodna. One finds there many species endemic with the area of Hodna such as Saccocalyx saturoides, Arnebia decumbens and Linaria laxiflora that one finds only in this area. As well as endemic species North African such as Muricaria prostrata, Loncophora capiomontiana, Rhanterium suaveolens, Stippa tenacissima L., Artimisia herba alba, Anabasis oropediorum L., Salsola vermiculata L., Atriplex halimus and Salicornia arabica L. The zone of study, like the majority of the steppe zones is with vocation agropastorale with manpower of the ovine breeding bordering the 130.000. The zone study belongs to the large catchment area of Chott El Hodna, characterized by a very dense hydrographic network where the rivers take their sources in the mounts of Hodna, the principal river is El-K's ob. The near total of water of the plain of M'sila has a temperature which varies between 21.5 and 22°C, this translated by a strong corrosion of the casing of the drillings. The majority of water of this plain have a strong conductivity, therefore a degree of raised mineralization in the event of irrigation with this salt water charged one can expect falls of outputs.

Plain M'sila which covers an area of 780 km2 is characterized by an arid climate, with very diverse natural
resources, like agriculture such as cereals and tree crops or natural like steppe species example stippa
tenacissima L and Artimisia herba alba, and a sheep herd size large, which is around 130.000 heads.
Unfortunately this wealth is subject to various constraints that hamper its proper management, which are orders
of ecological, agronomic, economic and social. To overcome these limitations of remedies are recommended for
each factor. From an ecological perspective it is recommended to do some practical steps such as setting the
ground on both sides of El-Ksob river, purification of polluted waters of the dam, installed a sewage system in
the living spaces of the area North Western Basin Hodna and finally preserve apricot orchards avoiding
intercropping and in the distance of planting and the installation of windbreaks. The agronomic factor it is very
strategic need to improve the genetic diversity of different crops by increasing the number of adapted varieties,
cultivars multiply endangered, expand irrigated areas and rehabilitating old orchards and fields, modernize
farming practices , install an effective drainage system and then review the extension system to better close the
farmer new agricultural techniques. For the economic side, we need fertilizers, pesticides and fertilizers are
carried to the farmers and at decent prices. Socially more interventions are ground to suggest as the opening
track inside the orchards and fields, halt urbanization at the expense of cultivated areas, the problem of land and
then encourage young people has practiced this noble profession.

Algeria is vast country which presents several bioclimatic stages and agro-ecological which supports the production, a multitude of agricultural produce. The steppe forms integral part of this extent of which importance is hardly lower than the other areas. Hodna is in the middle of the Algerian steppe, it is a relatively degraded basin of 25000 km2, consequence of a prolonged dryness and an overgrazing. This study is devoted to the diagnosis of the current location of the perimeter of the plain of M’sila which is in the Western Northern zone of the basin of Hodna on a geographical area of a surface of 780 km2. The population is dense in North with the existence of an urban centre and a relatively populated rural area in the South, the population is less dense with relatively distant urban centers. The plain of M’sila receives an annual rain average of 213.20 mm, the rains of Autumn are sometimes torrential which gives birth to abrupt risings and devastators. The thermal amplitude of the station of M’sila is of 35.02°C. The dominant winds are the wind of West known as Dahraoui, wind of North known as Bahri and the Sirocco which is hot wind and blowing dryness of the South and which blocks the development of the cultures by accentuating their drying. The diagram ombrothermic allows to identify existence; only one period of 3 months dryness, the end of May at the end of August. The zone study is made up an alluvial plain of low altitudes, <400 m made of alluvial deposits of quaternary (alluvia, clays and sands) with a soft slope <3%, pertaining to steppe bioclimatic stage. The ground is not very advanced of alluvial contribution with limono-argillaceous texture rather deep. Occupation of the ground by the vegetation is diversified, one noted a broad diversity of the agricultural activity which settled current the last years which exceeds 54,700 ha, the fallow exceed half of agricultural surfaces during the agricultural partner 2009/2010, the cultivation of cereals which occupies 36% of the grounds followed by the fodder cultures and fruit-bearing arboriculture at a rate of 5 and 4%, respectively. The exploration of the not cultivated plant species of the area study, counts 550 tax relating to the steppe communities with Chott El Hodna. One finds there many species endemic with the area of Hodna such as Saccocalyx saturoides, Arnebia decumbens and Linaria laxiflora that one finds only in this area. As well as endemic species North African such as Muricaria prostrata, Loncophora capiomontiana, Rhanterium suaveolens, Stippa tenacissima L., Artimisia herba alba, Anabasis oropediorum L., Salsola vermiculata L., Atriplex halimus and Salicornia arabica L. The zone of study, like the majority of the steppe zones is with vocation agropastorale with manpower of the ovine breeding bordering the 130.000. The zone study belongs to the large catchment area of Chott El Hodna, characterized by a very dense hydrographic network where the rivers take their sources in the mounts of Hodna, the principal river is El-K’sob. The near total of water of the plain of M’sila has a temperature which varies between 21.5 and 22°C, this translated by a strong corrosion of the casing of the drillings. The majority of water of this plain have a strong conductivity, therefore a degree of raised mineralization in the event of irrigation with this salt water charged one can expect falls of outputs.

Algeria is vast country which presents several bioclimatic stages and agro-ecological which supports the production, a multitude of agricultural produce. The steppe forms integral part of this extent of which importance is hardly lower than the other areas. Hodna is in the middle of the Algerian steppe, it is a relatively degraded basin of 25000 krrr', consequence of a prolonged dryness and an overgrazing. This study is devoted to the diagnosis of the current location of the perimeter of the plain of M'sila which is in the Western Northern zone of the basin of Hodna on a geographical area of a surface of 780 km2 The population is dense in North with the existence of an urban centre and a relatively populated rural area in the South, the population is less dense with relatively distant urban centers. The plain of M'sila receives an annual rain average of 213.20 mm, the rains of Autumn are sometimes torrential which gives birth to abrupt risings and devastators. The thermal amplitude of the station of M'sila is of35.02°C. The dominant winds are the wind of West known as Dahraoui, wind ofN orth known as Bahri and the Sirocco which is hot wind and blowing dryness of the South and which blocks the development of the cultures by accentuating their drying. The diagram ombrothermic allows to identify existence; only one period of 3 months dryness, the end of May at the end of August. The zone study is made up an alluvial plain of low altitudes, <400 m made of alluvial deposits of quaternary (alluvia, clays and sands) with a soft slope <3%, pertaining to steppe bioclimatic stage. The ground is not very advanced of alluvial contribution with limono-argillaceous texture rather deep. Occupation of the ground by the vegetation is diversified, one noted a broad diversity of the agricultural activity which settled CUITenthe last years which exceeds 54,700 ha, the fallow exceed half of agricultural surfaces during the agricultural partner 2009/201 0, the cultivation of cereals which occupies 36% of the grounds followed by the fodder cultures and fruit-bearing arboriculture at a rate of 5 and 4%, respectively. The exploration of the not cultivated plant species of the area study, counts 550 tax relating to the steppe communities with Chott El Hodna. One finds there many species endemie with the area of Hodna such as Saccocalyx saturoides, Arnebia decumbens and Linaria laxiflora that one finds only in this area. As well as endemie species North African such as Muricaria prostrata, Loncophora capiomontiana, Rhanterium suaveolens, Stippa tenacissima L., Artimisia herba alba, Anabasis oropediorum L., Salsola vermiculata L., Atriplex halimus and Salicornia arabica L. The zone of study, like the majority of the steppe zones is with vocation agropastorale with manpower of the ovine breeding bordering the 130.000. The zone study belongs to the large catchment area of Chott El Hodna, characterized by a very dense hydrographie network where the rivers take their sources in the mounts of Hodna, the principal river is El-K'sob. The near total ofwater of the plain of M'sila has a temperature which varies between 21.5 and
22°C, this translated by a strong corrosion of the casing of the drillings. The majority of water of this plain have a strong conductivity, therefore a degree of raised mineralization in the event of irrigation with this salt water charged one can expect falls of outputs.

Key words: Hodna, biodiversity, course, steppe, culture, plain of M'sila