M. HELLALI Lallouani

This document is intended for students in the second year of the State Electrical Engineering program. The content is in line with the program for the Fundamental Electrical Engineering I module. The aim of Fundamental Electrical Engineering I is to introduce students to the basic concepts of mathematics (complex numbers) and the fundamental laws of electricity. This is followed by the analysis of DC, single-phase AC and three-phase AC circuits. Magnetic circuits and electrical transformers are then presented in a highly educational manner. We conclude with technological descriptions of a number of electrical machines. The aim of this module is to familiarize students with concepts specific to electrical engineering, enabling them to continue their university studies in electrical engineering, electronics and automation.

Interval type-2 fuzzy logic regulators for Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Generators
(BDFIGs), which are used in wind energy conversion systems (WECS), are presented in this
study. The primary objective of the study is to provide a control strategy that combines vector
control with interval type-2 fuzzy logic control to manage a BDFIG for a bidirectional
converter. Initially, decoupling active and reactive power was provided using a vector control
approach with a proportional-integral (PI) compensator. Interval type-2 fuzzy logic regulators
were created to address intermittent responsiveness, robustness, and steady-state accuracy
issues with the PI compensator. Comparing simulation tests on the BDFIG to earlier research,
positive findings were obtained in producing both the necessary reactive power and actual
power from the turbine.

This paper introduces a direct torque control (DTC) method with space vector modulation (SVM) using interval type-2 fuzzy logic regulators for a dual-star induction machine fed by two three-level neutral point clamped inverters. The conventional DTC drive utilizes a pair of hysteresis comparators, which can lead to issues such as high torque ripple and variable switching frequency. As a result, we introduce several alternative methods, including DTC-SVM. We replace the hysteresis comparators with two Proportional-Integral (PI) regulators to enhance DTC performance, which generates the direct and quadrature voltage components in the d-q frame. The intricacy of the control system can make adjusting the PI regulator parameters difficult. To address this challenge, we propose using an interval type-2 fuzzy logic regulator for PI parameter adjustment in this paper. Our simulation results demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of the IT2FLC regulator.

Since the last of 20s years, the multi-phase induction machine instead of traditional three-phase induction machine is used in many applications (such as pumps, fans, compressors, rolling mills, cement mills, mine hoists) for there advantages in power segmentation, precision, and electromagnetic torque pulsation minimization.
Nowadays the researchers concentrate their efforts to develop the techniques of control. Several techniques are developed as vector control or scalar control. The main difficulty in the double stator induction machine control resides in the fact that complex coupling exists between machine input variables, output variables and machine intern variables as the field, torque or speed. The scalar control ensures the decoupling between field and torque and made the control of the double stator induction machine similar to that of a DC motor, where there exists a natural decoupling between field and torque.
Fuzzy logic is a scheme used in artificial intelligence and widely utilized in different areas including the control and the automation. The application of type-1 fuzzy logic has been a success and it is able to control machines with measurement uncertainties. Fuzzy regulators (FLC) have been successfully used for a few numbers of non linear and complex processes, FLC are robust and their performances are insensible to parameter variations contrary to conventional regulators. Recently several researchers make efforts to improve the robustness and performances of the FLC by using neuron and genetic algorithms.
In the aim to improve the performance of the electrical drives based on scalar control, fuzzy logic regulators attracts more and more the attention of many scientists the configuration and design of the fuzzy Logic regulators for the scalar control of double stator induction machine. The purpose of this work is to provide a scalar control fuzzy logic for stator induction machine. The suggested interval type-1 fuzzy logic regulators out performs the traditional PI controller, according to the simulation study for high-performance control of the double stator induction machine drive.

In this work, we will develop a robust control algorithm known for its stability and robustness, this control is based on the theory of lyapunov applied to the induction motor to obtain robust performance in the point of parametric or external variation, this machine driven by stator variables through two bidirectional converters. In the first part we have modelled the machine and its converters. In the second part, we developed the control system needed to control the mechanical power (speed, torque) produced by this machine. The numerical simulation results obtained by applying this control to our machine show the effectiveness of the control developed.

Today, the six-phase induction machine instead of traditional three-phase induction machine is used in many applications (such as compressors, rolling mills, pumps, fans, cement mills....) for there advantages in power segmentation, electromagnetic torque pulsation minimization and precision.
Since the last of 20s years, the researchers concentrate their efforts to develop the techniques of control. Several techniques are developed as vector control or scalar control. The main difficulty in the dual star induction machine (DSIM) control resides in the fact that complex coupling exists between machine input variables, output variables and machine intern variables as the field, torque or speed. The scalar control ensures the decoupling between field and torque and made the control of the double stator induction machine similar to that of a DC motor, where there exists a natural decoupling between field and torque.
Fuzzy logic is a scheme used in artificial intelligence and widely utilized in different areas including the control and the automation. The application of interval type-2 fuzzy logic has been a success and it is able to control machines with measurement uncertainties. Fuzzy regulators (IT2FLC) have been successfully used for a few numbers of non linear and complex processes, IT2FLC are robust and their performances are insensible to parameter variations contrary to conventional regulators. Recently several researchers make efforts to improve the robustness and performances of the IT2FLC by using neuron and genetic algorithms.
In the aim to improve the performance of the electrical drives based on scalar control, fuzzy logic regulators attracts more and more the attention of many scientists the configuration and design of the interval type-2 fuzzy Logic regulators for the scalar control of dual star induction machine. The purpose of this work is to provide a scalar control interval type-2 fuzzy logic for dual star induction machine. The suggested interval type-2 fuzzy logic regulators out performs the type-1 fuzzy logic and PI regulators, according to the simulation study for high-performance control of the dual star induction machine drive.
Keywords: Dual star induction machine, Inverter, scalaire control, Interval type-2 fuzzy logic.

The induction motor is one of the most used electric machines in variable speed system in the different field of industry and takes a particular interest for applications requiring high power and variable speed for its robust and simplicity. The thematic of monitoring and fault diagnosis of the association inverter and machine improves the reliability and availability of an existing system, common failures occurring in electrical drives can be classified follows: stator winding short circuit broken rotor bar inverter failure and open circuit faults in an inverter's IGBTs. Thus, fault detection has been already largely investigated, and different Techniques applied Techniques applied for motor and inverter. Some methods utilized to detect failures, such as chromatographic analysis, noise analysis, temperature analysis and vibration analysis, have been slowly changing to new on-line monitoring techniques for electrical equipments. Vibration monitoring techniques are usually installed on expensive and sensitive machines, where the cost of such systems can be justified. Moreover, the environmental sensitivity of the sensors can provide unreliable indications. Other approaches are based on the spectrum analysis; the advantage of this technique is that it is well recognized nowadays as a standard due to its simplicity: it needs only one current sensor per machine and is based on straightforward signal processing techniques such as Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT), and the second approach is established on signature analysis of the current vector trajectory at stationary reference frame. In this work we describe a method based on spectral analysis of stator currents and a method utilizing cycle-by-cycle single point symmetry of the current, the suggested diagnostic methods enables detection to examine motor and inverter AC currents in the time-independent domain. The suggested algorithm is accurate and successful, according to the simulation findings.

Au cours des dernières années, Les entraînements à vitesse variable représentent un domaine multidisciplinaire en génie électrique, qui regroupe les connaissances de plusieurs secteurs: machines électriques, électronique de puissance, théorie de la commande, microcontrôleurs et microprocesseurs,… etc [1]. En effet, La plupart des processus industriels font largement appel à des moteurs électriques pour assurer l’entraînement.
Depuis le début des années soixante, la machine à courant continu occupe une place prépondérante dans le domaine des asservissements de position de précision [2]. De plus, ce type d’actionneur présente des inconvénients majeurs du fait de son coût élevé, ses limitations en puissance et en vitesse de rotation, …etc. Ainsi, les machines à courant alternatif ont remplacé les machines à courant continu, grâce à leurs simplicités de construction et au bon rapport entre le volume et la puissance. Parmi ces machines, la machine asynchrone double étoile (MASDE), qui présente plusieurs avantages, tels que: segmentation de puissance, minimisation des ondulations du couple et des pertes rotoriques, réduction des courants harmoniques, grande fiabilité et forte puissance, …etc [3], [4], et dans le but d’assurer une motorisation électrique pour des applications de grande puissance, telles que la traction ferroviaire ou la propulsion navale à titre d‘exemple, il est souvent nécessaire de segmenter la puissance. Pour cela, on peut agir au niveau du convertisseur, grâce à des techniques multi-niveaux. L’utilisation des onduleurs classiques à deux niveaux dans le domaine des applications de forte puissance ne convient pas, car ces applications exigent des composants électroniques capables de supporter une forte tension inverse et un courant élevé [5].

Nowadays, Double stator induction machines are one of widely used in many industry segments, due to their advantages in power segmentation, reliability and minimized torque pulsations. Such segmented structures are very attractive for high-power applications, since they allow the use of lower rating power electronic devices at a switching frequency superior than the one frequently utilized in three-phase AC machine drives. This machine have been used in various applications, such as; compressors, cement mills, pumps, rolling mills, fans and mine hoists. The control of doublestator induction machine is very important in industrial environment especially for the electric drives, several methods have been proposed. An alternative solution is the use of Field Oriented Control (FOC) is modern technique for high-performance control of inverter fed double stator induction machine. To achieve a variable speed operation a power electronics inverter can be used. This method enables the control of field and torque of the double stator induction machine independently (decoupling) by manipulating the corresponding field oriented quantities. Fuzzy logic is a technique used in various areas including: control, diagnosis etc. Type 1 fuzzy logic has difficulties in modeling and minimizing the effect of uncertainties. Thus, the conventional T1FL has been generalized to a new type of fuzzy logic called interval type 2 fuzzy Logic, which gives better performance results than the Type 1 fuzzy logic. The purpose of this work is to provide a field oriented control based on interval type-2 fuzzy logic for double stator induction machine. The suggested interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller outperforms the traditional PI controller, according to the simulation study for high-performance control of the double stator induction machine.

An advanced control strategy of shunt active filters (SAF) is proposed to compensate for harmonic current in the power system. The SAF considered here is suitable for three-phase, three-wire current harmonic compensation and is based on an AC/DC three-phase boost converter topology. Robust control of the active-reactive current/power supplied by the SAF is designed using the internal model principle. The stabilisation of the dc link voltage dynamics is addressed together with the fulfilment of the harmonic compensation objective. The two-time scale behaviour of the SAF is exploited to apply the averaging theory in the control design. Experiments are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution.

In this paper, a wind energy conversion system, which consists of a variable speed wind turbine with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) fed by a matrix converter is considered. The stator of the wind turbine driven generator is directly connected to the grid, while the rotor is connected via slip-rings to the output of a matrix converter. The matrix converter is supplied from the grid and replaces the conventional two back-to-back converters used for the control of a DFIG. Modeling of the energy conversion system considers super-synchronous and sub-synchronous operating conditions, which are achieved by means of the matrix converter. In order to decouple the active and reactive power, stator field oriented control is applied. Speed mode control is adopted for maximum wind energy extraction, provided that the wind speed and pitch angle of the turbine are known for each sampling period. Consequently, a 2-D lookup table calculating the reference speed by means of interpolation/extrapolation is introduced. Reactive power control is performed so that the stator reactive power is kept to zero. Promising simulation results demonstrating the control performance of the wind energy conversion system are presented.

Nowadays, many industry segments need dual star induction motors (DSIM) are one of widely used motor. Such segmented structures are very attractive for high-power applications since they allow the use of lower rating power electronic devices at a switching frequency higher than the one usually used in three-phase AC machine drives.

In order to ensure an effective control of DSIM, several methods have been proposed. An alternative solution is the use of Direct Rotor-Field-Oriented Control (DFOC) is modern technique for high-performance control of inverter fed DSIM. To achieve a variable speed operation a power electronics inverter can be used. This method enables the control of field and torque of the DSIM independently (decoupling) by manipulating the corresponding field oriented quantities.
Fuzzy logic is a scheme used in artificial intelligence and widely utilized in different areas including the control and the automation. The application of interval type-2 fuzzy logic has been a success and it is able to control machines with measurement uncertainties. Does not need a detailed model, interval type-2 fuzzy logic controllers are one of useful control schemes to adjust the speed, torque and stator flux of DSIM.

In the aim to improve the performance of the electrical drives based on traditional DFOC, fuzzy logic direct oriented control attracts more and more the attention of many scientists the configuration and design of the fuzzy Logic controller for the direct field oriented based control of DSIM. The purpose of this work is to provide a DFOC-interval type-2 fuzzy logic for dual star induction motor. The suggested interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller outperforms the traditional PI controller, according to the simulation study for high-performance control of the DSIM drive.

Five levels converter based DSTATCOM

This study introduces a novel nonlinear control approach designed for a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) that utilizes a Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Generator
(BDFIG). The primary objective is twofold: to bolster system resilience against disturbances and to maximize power extraction from the unpredictable wind conditions. Our proposed
algorithm harnesses decoupling control, specifically implemented through oriented grid flux vector control. The key performance enhancement goal is to attain linear and independent
control over the active and reactive powers generated by the stator, ensuring overall asymptotic stability via a feedback mechanism.
In this pursuit, we adopt an optimal operational strategy for the BDFIG during subsynchronous operation while also managing the stator power flows to maintain a unity stator
power factor. We evaluate and validate our suggested method using Matlab/Simulink software. Notably, our approach adeptly handles nonlinearity and parameter uncertainties,
outperforming traditional control techniques. It amalgamates principles from the Differential Geometric Feedback Linearization Technique (DGT) and Lyapunov theory.
The results obtained from our study unequivocally attest to the efficacy and superior performance of our proposed approach.
Keywords: feedback linearization, brushless doubly fed induction generator, vector control, active and reactive power, back-to-back converter.

Fault diagnosis technique of electrical drives is becoming more and more important, since voltage fed converter system has become industrial standard in many applications. In this paper, we present a technique method based on spectral analysis of stator currents to detect broken rotor bars fault in the rotor of motor and an open circuit fault in IGBTs of inverter. Therefore, the proposed diagnostic method this allows detection to view motor and inverter AC currents in the time independent realm by using cycle-by-cycle single point symmetry of the current spectrum. The simulation results show that the presented algorithm is effective and accurate.

In this paper describe the direct torque control of dual star induction machine using fuzzy logic. The direct torque control technique has become one of the excellent performance control strategies for AC machine to provide a very rapid torque and flux control. Thus, this method is inherently a motion sensorless control technique. Simulation results show that the proposed controller (T1FLC) has superior performance response robustness tests.

In recent years a number of studies have been carried out in relation to
improvements in control methodologies for Double stator induction motors.
This paper is to present an interval type-2 fuzzy logic of double stator
induction motor where flux and torque decoupling strategy is decoupled in
terms of magnetizing current instead of stator current to alleviate the effects
of core loss. The performances of proposed interval type-2 fuzzy-logic-based
controller have been verified by computer simulation. The simulation study for
high-performance control of DSIM drive shows the superiority of the
proposed interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller over the conventional PI
controller.

The massive growth in the consumption of fossil fuels and quick depletion of natural resources are led to the alternative forms of energy which is environment friendly are renewable energy. There has been a considerable interest in wind energy in recent years since it is a possible source for power production with minimum environmental implications and with no expense of fuel. The frequently utilized wind electric conversion system (WECS) based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The major purpose reached by the control strategy is to manage the amount of active and reactive power generated by the doubly fed induction generator and injected into the main grid according to the power references obtained from the turbine’s mechanical power and the grid operator. The simulation results have shown excellent performance for the tracking of the references, both in transient and steady state. A comparative study between the proposed control strategy and the well-known vector control strategy has been carried out and has shown the superiority of sliding mode control to track the given references.

A type 2 fuzzy logic optimization method using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) will be presented in this paper. When the uncertainty problem arises, the performance of type 2 fuzzy logic controller (T2-FLC) is better than type 1 fuzzy logic controller (T1-FLC). However, ACO is applied to determine the gains of fuzzy regulators type 1 and 2. A comparative study of the simulation results of type 2 and type 1 fuzzy controllers, under different tests, is also presented. The simulation results show that the controller (T2-FLC) obtained with the ACO algorithm outperforms the controller (T1-FLC-ACO).

This paper presents the direct torque control (DTC) of double stator induction machine (DSIM) supplied by two voltage source inverters (VSI). DTC technique has become one of the high performance control strategies for AC machine to supply a very rapid torque and flux control. This technique is inherently a motion sensorless control method. Simulation results show that the proposed controller (T1FLC) has better performance response to torque and speed variation, and robustness. The implementation of the DTC applied to a double stator induction motor based on (PI) and (T1FLC) controllers is validated with simulated results.

In recent years a number of studies have been carried out in relation to improvements in control methodologies for induction motors, and due to the great progress achieved in power electronics and microcontrollers. The purpose of this paper is to propose an interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller (IT2FLC) of dual star induction motor (DSIM) where flux and torque decoupling strategy is decoupled in terms of magnetizing current instead of stator current to alleviate the effects of core loss. The numerical simulation of direct field oriented control of dual star induction motor using PI and IT2FLC are performed. The simulation study for high-performance control of DSIM drive shows the superiority of the proposed interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller over the conventional PI controller.

Les systèmes d’entraînements à vitesse variable représentent un domaine multidisciplinaire en électrotechnique qui regroupe les connaissances dans plusieurs secteurs tels que, les machines électriques/ électroniques de puissance et la théorie de la commande. Les machines polyphasées destinées à être plus utilisées dans des applications de puissances élevées. Le travail réalisé dans cette thèse est consacré à l'amélioration de la commande directe du couple de la machine asynchrone double étoile (MASDE) en utilisant de la logique floue type-1 et type-2. Pour cela, en premier lieu nous avons présenté les recherches dédiée à la MASDE avec différents commandes, puis la modélisation de la MASDE alimentée à travers deux types d'onduleurs (deux niveaux et trois niveaux) commandée par Modulation de Largeur d'Impulsions (MLI) sinusoïdale et MLI vectorielle. En second lieu, les approches appliquées sur la MASDE, sont: commande vectorielle (FOC), la DTC, la DTC à trois niveau, DTC-SVM et la DTC-SVM multi niveaux. Nous savons que, les régulateurs PI classiques présentent certains inconvénients tels que la sensibilité contre les perturbations interne et externe. Pour améliorer les performances du système nous avons appliqué des techniques de réglage robustes à savoir : la logique floue type-1, la logique floue type-2 et la commande adaptative floue type-1/ type-2. Les résultats montrent que la DTC avec les contrôleurs flous type-2 est plus performante et donne des meilleurs résultats par rapport aux autres contrôleurs.

In this work we present new regulator based on type 2 fuzzy logic (T2FLC) for speed control of double star induction machine (DSIM) controlled by direct torque control (DTC) with high performance. In the first part, mathematical model of double star induction machine in α-β reference frame are demonstrated. The direct torque control has been chosen because of various advantages such as the short sampling time required by the torque control schemes makes them suited to a very fast flux and torque controlled drives as well as the simplicity of the control algorithm. Finally, comparative study between the two regulators (T1FLC, T2FLC) for speed of DSIM is presented. The simulations results clearly showed the robustness and efficiency of T2FLC regulator.

The aim of this article is to improve the performance of the classical direct torque control (DTC) of doubly star induction motor (DSIM) drive by reducing the ripples level in electromagnetic torque and stator flux. For this reason, we present different strategies to enhance the performance of DTC such as DTC_SVPWM. This technique replaces hysteresis controllers by two (PI) controllers to generate the direct and the quadrature voltage components in d-q frame. However it is difficult to adjust the parameters of PI controller due to the complexity of the control system. The self-tuning PI fuzzy controller was proposed to adjust the PI parameters in this paper. Simulation is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the performance of the proposed fuzzy system is analyses. The simulation results show that the proposed method can significantly reduce the torque ripple and is suitable for various motor at different working state.

The main disadvantage of the classical direct torque control is high torque and flux ripples. This is due to hysteresis comparators suffer from a variable switching frequency and a high torque ripple. Besides, a hybrid strategy; Direct Torque Control with Space Vector Modulation (DTC -SVM) is established using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller (IT2FLC) for enhancing control performance parameters to reducing torque and flux ripple. In this work, a IT2FLC is applied to the DTCSVM of Double Stator Induction Machine (DSIM).
Simulation results are shown to present the robustness and efficiency of the recommended control strategy.

This paper concerns the study of a direct torque control based on fuzzy logic type-2 for the speed regulation of a doubly star Induction Machine fed by voltage source inverter. This
command has become one of the high performance control strategies for AC machine to supply a very rapid torque and flux control. The proposed technique consists to change the
proportional and integral controllers by type-2 fuzzy logic controller. The performance of the scheme in different operating conditions is studied. Particular interest is given to the
robustness of the fuzzy logic based control. Furthermore, the simulation results illustrate the efficiency and robustness of the type-2 fuzzy logic controller.

The aim for this paper is a proportional and integral (PI) controller and fuzzy logic (FLC) controller devoted to improve the performance of Direct field orient control (DFOC)
strategy of doubly star induction motor (DSIM) fed by two inverters. In addition, the paper describes a model of doubly star induction motor in d-q reference frame theory and its
computer simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK®, fed by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) inverter to be studied. The performance of the Direct Field orientated control with a PI and
FLC is tested under different speed command and load disturbances. And also show a better robustness beside the parametric variations of the motor.

This paper presents the simulation of the control of doubly star induction motor using Direct Torque Control (DTC) based on Proportional and Integral controller (PI) and Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). In addition, the work describes a model of doubly star induction motor in α-β reference frame theory and its computer simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK®. The structure of the DTC has several advantages such as the short sampling time required by the TC schemes makes them suited to a very fast flux and torque controlled drives as well as the simplicity of the control algorithm.the general- purpose induction drives in very wide range using DTC because it is the excellent solution. The performances of the DTC with a PI controller and FLC are tested under differents speeds command values and load torque.

: Le travail réalisé dans le cadre de ce mémoire, s’inscrit dans la thématique de la surveillance et le diagnostic des défauts de l’association convertisseur machine à induction. Les défauts considérés sont:
• déséquilibre d’une phase de la tension d’alimentation,
• rupture des barres rotorique,
• ouverture de l’interrupteur de puissance,
• ouverture du condensateur du bus contenu,
• court circuit du condensateur du bus contenu.
La thématique du diagnostic et du pronostic de défaut se base sur l’utilisation de trois techniques, la première se base sur l'analyse spectrale du courant statorique par FFT, la seconde se base sur l’analyse des signatures de la trajectoire du vecteur courant dans le référentiel stationnaire et la troisième se base sur la génération des résidus basée sur la vérification de cohérence entre les courants statorique observés et leurs estimations fournies par le modèle.
Mots clés: Machine à induction, convertisseur, MLI sinusoïdale, défaut rotorique, cassure des barres, déséquilibre, défaut interrupteur, défaut condensateur, diagnostic, FFT, résidus.