M. DJEMIAT Djamal eddine

In this research, we studied the rheological behavior of crude oil as well as the effect
of surfactant agent at different concentrations on the rheological properties, the pressure drop,
and the flow rate transported during the flow. The study was carried out at different
temperatures (20, 30, and 50 °C), and the compound was added in quantities of 3000, 6000,
and 9000 ppm. The AR-2000 rheometer was used to study the effect of additives and
temperature on the apparent viscosity of crude oil, flow stress, and modeling of rheological
behavior. The analysis of the results proved that improving the rheological properties of the
flow. The observation of the change in rheological parameters is related to the concentration
of the added compound, in particular the temperature. We marked a significant decrease in the
viscosity of oil at the highest concentration at 20°C. The effect of the compound gradually
diminished with increasing temperature. The yield stress decreases with increasing
concentration until its range reaches 33% at 30°C. A slight improvement in pressure drop of
8.62% is maintained at 20°C. An increase in flow equal to 129 (l/s), this is obtained by adding
9000 ppm of the compound. The crude oil exhibits non-Newtonian behavior at low shear
rates, where the compound has a significant effect. The behavior becomes progressively
Newtonian with increasing shear rate, where a decrease in additive efficiency was
observed. The results of the modeling showed that the petroleum studied behaves like a non-
Newtonian according to the Herschel-Bulkley model.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the rheological behaviour of oil
while it is being transported via pipelines, as well as the impact that the addition
of a chemical compound with an oil-based origin has on the apparent viscosity,
the yield stress, the lost energy, and the amount of energy that is required for the
pumping operation. At a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, tests were conducted
using the following concentrations: 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%. The rheological
modeling was performed using an AR2000 rheometer, and it was discovered that
the Herschel-Bulkley model is the one that is most suited to represent the
behaviour of rheological systems. With all concentrations tested, the findings
indicate that there is a considerable reduction in the apparent viscosity of oil,
which may be as high as 45% with the addition of 5% tetrahydrofuran. By adding
5% of the tetrahydrofuran, we find that the highest percentage of energy loss
reduction is 20%.The addition of 1% to 5%, respectively, of tetrahydrofuran
results in a considerable decrease in the amount of energy that is spent during
pumping by between 20 and 50%.

An experimental study on crude oil (from the Tin Fouye Tabankort oil field in southern Algeria) was carried out. This study allowed us to understand the rheological behavior of this crude oil with these different emulsions and how it reacts under the effects of temperature and the inversion of its phase from E/H to H/E. So we measured the rheological characteristics by tests flow and dynamic mode at different temperatures from 10 °C to 50 °C and at different water concentrations (20.40.50.60 and 70%) at a fixed temperature of 20 °C. The increase in temperature results in a 31.84% reduction in the initial viscosity of the crude oil. The addition of the volumic fractions of water results in an increase in viscosity at the point of inverse, which will decrease the apparent viscosity of these emulsions where the emulsions (W/O) come from (O/W). This crude oil and their emulsions exhibit a non-Newtonian behavior with shear thinning. The dynamic analysis depends on the temperature and the percentages of water added to the crude oil. At the end, a microscopic analysis was added to verify the relationship between the shape and diameter of the water droplets in each emulsion and the viscosity variation.

Keywords: Crude oilemulsioninversely of the phaserheologyviscosity

An experimental study on crude oil (from the Tin Fouye Tabankort oil field in southern Algeria) was carried out. This study allowed us to understand the rheological behavior of this crude oil with these different emulsions and how it reacts under the effects of temperature and the inversion of its phase from E/H to H/E. So we measured the rheological characteristics by tests flow and dynamic mode at different temperatures from 10 °C to 50 °C and at different water concentrations (20.40.50.60 and 70%) at a fixed temperature of 20 °C. The increase in temperature results in a 31.84% reduction in the initial viscosity of the crude oil. The addition of the volumic fractions of water results in an increase in viscosity at the point of inverse, which will decrease the apparent viscosity of these emulsions where the emulsions (W/O) come from (O/W). This crude oil and their emulsions exhibit a non-Newtonian behavior with shear thinning. The dynamic analysis depends on the temperature and the percentages of water added to the crude oil. At the end, a microscopic analysis was added to verify the relationship between the shape and diameter of the water droplets in each emulsion and the viscosity variation.

In a semi-arid region of Maadher, central Hodna (Algeria), groundwater is the main source for agricultural and domestic purposes. Anthropogenic activities and the presence of climate change’s efects have a signifcant impact on the region’s
groundwater quality. This study’s goals were to use water quality indices to evaluate the groundwater’s quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigation, as well as to identify contaminated wells using a geographic information system (GIS)
and the spatial interpolation techniques of ordinary kriging and inverse distance weighting (IDW). The results reveal that all water samples exceeded the World Health Organization’s standards for nitrate ions and had alarming concentrations of
calcium, chlorine, and sulfate (WHO). According to Piper’s diagram, the groundwater hydrochemical facies is composed of the elements sulfate–chloride-nitrate-calcium (SO42− -Cl— NO3− -Ca2+ water type). The majority of samples fall into the
poor water category, slightly more than 10% fall into the very poor water category, and less than 10% fall into the good to the excellent quality category, per the water quality indices, which classify samples in a similar manner. According to
irrigation water indices, every sample is suitable for irrigation. Depending on the direction of groundwater fow, the spatial distributions of Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, SO4 2−, and Cl− show that their concentrations are high north of the area and relatively
low south of Maadher village (Fig. 3). Nitrate concentrations are high in the majority of samples, particularly those close to the Bousaada wadi. In most samples, particularly those close to the Bousaada wadi, nitrate levels are high. Various water
quality models were described, and GIS spatial distribution maps were created using standard kriging and inverse distance weighting (IDW) techniques through selected semi-variograms predicted against measurements. To determine the origin of
mineralization and the chemical processes that take place in the aquifer—which include the precipitation and dissolution of dolomite, calcite, aragonite, gypsum, anhydrite, and halite—the groundwater saturation index was calculated.

The rheological behavior and its variation with temperature and refined product concentration of a crude oil sample coming from a quagmire of the separation station of Tin Fouye Tabankort oilfield/southern Algeria were investigated experimentally. The experiments were carried out at various temperatures (20, 30 and 50 °C) over the shear rate range of 0 to 700 s−1 by using a controlled stress rheometer (AR 2000, TA Instrument). The results showed that the crude oil exhibit non-Newtonian of shear thinning behavior at low shear rate and Newtonian behavior at high shear rate and was adequately described by Casson and Herschel–Bulkley models. The rheological measurements through the steady flow test and viscoelastic behavior, including the storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″), and complex modulus (G*), has indicated that the rheological properties of the crude oil were greatly influenced by the temperature and the additive concentration.

Effect of surfactant and extra-light crude oil addition on the rheological behaviors of an Algeria crude oil in order to improving its flowability were studied at low temperature. These rheological properties include steady flow behavior, yield stress and viscoelastic behavior. An AR-2000 rheometer was employed in all of the rheological examination tests. Results show that Toluene and extra-light crude oil addition causes a strong reduction in viscosity, the yield stress and can effectively increase of crude oil transport capacity. The toluene addition gets its best flow capacity and lowest viscosity at 6%. The extra-light crude oil addition obtains its best flow capacity and lowest viscosity at 50%. The viscoelasticity character of the crude oil has indicate a significantly influence by the addition of Toluene and extra-light crude oil.

n experimental study was conducted to investigate the rheological behavior of Algerian crude oil stemming from station of separation (quagmire) of the Tin Fouye Tabankort sector (southern Algeria). The rheological measurements at different temperatures (20°C, 30°C and 50°C) were performed employing AR 2000 rheometer of TA-Instruments. Several parameters such as shear rate, the temperature and the presence of crude oil from another quagmire on the rheological properties have been studied. The experimental results show that the studied crude oil displays non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior at low values of shear rate and a Newtonian behavior at high values of shear rate, which can be best presented by the Casson model. The rheological examination tests (flow and dynamic mode (oscillation)) have shown that the rheological properties of the crude oil were significantly influenced by the temperature and the crude oil addition.

The rheological behavior of crude oil and their emulsions were investigated as a function of two water types (distilled water and the LIAS water). The focus of this work is to obtain more knowledge about the effect of LIAS water concentration, which used to maintain pressure and produced from production of crude oil in the oil fields Tin Fouye Tabankort-south Algeria, on the rheological properties of crude oil. The rheological parameters were measured by using AR-2000 rheometer at 15 °C under dynamic and shear testing conditions. The measured data were first classified into two groups for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Depends on the type and concentration of water, the non-Newtonian behavior was described in better way by the Casson, Power law and the Herschel–Bulkley models. The results indicated that the viscosity, the yield stress, the elastic modulus, (G′), the loss modulus, (G″), and the microstructure of the prepared emulsions not only varied with water concentration but also by water types.

The objective of this study was to investigate the rheological properties of the crude oil coming from the oil field of Tin Fouye Tabankort/South Algeria and its mixture with different types of Algeria crude oil Houd El Hamra crude oil was used as an alternative blending materiel in order to obtain more knowledge about the rheological behavior of crude oil flow in pipelines and, in order, to reduce problems caused by the wax crystallization. It has been proven that the rheological parameters affect significantly the ability of transportation of crude oil in pipelines. The experiments were carried out at temperatures of 10 °C and 40°C by using the RheometerAR 2000. The results showed that the Casson and the Herschel?Bulkley models described the rheological behaviors of crude oil and its mixture in better way. The viscosity of the crude oil
and its mixture decreases considerably with temperature over the range of 10 ? 40 °C. The yield stress required starting the flow, of mixture crude oil are significantly decreased. Blending of the crude oils causes a strong increasing on the flow capacity of the crude oil. This information is very important for the transportation of crude oil.

This article examines the effect of the concentration of a surfactant on the rheological properties of Algerian crude oil, when the yield stress, the apparent viscosity, the pressure drop and flow rate are evaluated. The surfactant choice is Toluene; different concentrations (2%, 3% and 6%) are tested to improve the transportation capacity of Algerian crude oil. The rheological tests are carried out using the rheometer AR2000 from TA Instruments with a coaxial cylindrical geometry type Couette. Because of large contact surface of the cylinder, one can obtain a good accuracy of the measurements at low viscosity values. Different temperatures were tested. The experimental results show that the rheological behavior of system (crude oil / Toluene) exhibits a non-Newtonian behavior at a low shear rate It was also noted that the increase in the surfactant concentration has an effect on the rheological parameters, the apparent viscosity, yield stress significantly decreased with the addition of toluene. The results obtained also show that the increase in the concentration of the additive also has an effect on the transport capacity of the crude oil, the addition of 6% of toluene has increased the flow rate of the crude oil by 44%.

Several technics have been used to increase the mobility of crude oil pipeline transportation. The addition of the copolymer, poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) containing 12 % of vinyl acetate, can improves the rheological parameters and ease the flow of crude oil. In this present study we studied the effect of the concentration of vinyl acetate containing (EVA) on the viscosity, and the yield stress of Algerian crude oil from oil fields TFT. The rheological tests were made at low temperature 6.3,10 and 40 °C. Different concentrations of copolymer (EVA12) were tested 100, 200, 300, 400 ppm. The results obtained showed that the EVA allows reducing the apparent viscosity and the yield stress of crude oil and the results not only depends on the concentration of poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) but the temperature; also have an important influence.

The use of anionic polyelectrolytes is great technological importance to control the stability and flocculation behavior of colloidal suspensions. They are widely used in various industrial products, such as paints, coatings, ceramics, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and drilling fluids, to modify the rheology and control the stability of the systems.In this investigate, rheological measurements obtained by a coaxial cylinder viscometer (shear rate from 0 to 700 s-1), were carried to highlight the effect of two anionic polyelectrolytes such as, xanthan gum and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) on the rheological properties of the bentonite suspension. Firstly, Herschel-Bulkley model was used for the flow curves of studied bentonite suspension whose the concentration in solid varies between 3-6%, the regression coefficient > 0.997 for all studied system. Secondly, electrokinetic measurements on all studied suspensions were also carried. Finaly, to asses the influence of polyelectrolytes on bentonite suspension, the rheological tests have been carried out on the polyelectrolytes solutions in absence of bentonite. The rheological behavior of xanthan solutions is shear-thinning non-Newtonian viscosity with yield stress. The obtained results showed that the yield stress and the consistency index increase with increasing bentonite concentration, on the other hand the flow index values decrease. It can be explained that the bentonite has a microscopic structure in platelets. It was noted also, the yield stress observed on rheograms is due to the internal fluid structure that forms at rest between the platelets. In the absence of flow, the platelets form rigid aggregates that are resistant to a certain value. from this yield , the structure is destroyed and the wafers are aligned with the flow. Also, the obtained results of the electrokinetic study, have showed an increase of the zeta potential of CMC and xanthan dispersions when the concentration of polymer in solution increases

L’utilisation des additifs réducteurs de la traînée présentent un grand intérêt en raison de leurs applications étendues qui trouvent de nombreuses applications. Une bonne connaissance des propriétés du système (Pétrole brut/additif) est donc nécessaire pour mieux contrôler les mécanismes d’écoulement du pétrole brut. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié le comportement rhéologique du pétrole brut provenant du champ pétrolier de Tin Fouye Tabankort(Algérie), ainsi que l’effet du tensioactif Dodécyl Benzène Sulfonate de Sodium à faibles concentrations, sur les paramètres rhéologiques. L’analyse de nos résultats nous a permis de prouver que l’amélioration des paramètres de l’écoulement observés dans l'évolution des paramètres rhéologiques, est liée à la concentration du tensioactif et, surtout, à la température. Nous avons montré aussi qu’une bonne amélioration des paramètres d’écoulement du système est associée à un module visqueux élevé. Dans cette thèse, nous avons aussi étudié le comportement rhéologique d’une émulsion de type (E/H). L'étude de ce système d’émulsions (eau/pétrole brut) s’est avéré à cause de la complexité de la chimie de l’eau produite durant la production du pétrole, de la chimie du pétrole et, en particulier, du grand nombre de tensioactifs naturels contenus dans le brut (acides naphténiques, résines et asphaltènes). Nous avons lié le comportement rhéologique des émulsions eau/pétrole brut avec le comportement de l’interface, au niveau microscopique et évaluer l’influence de la nature de deux types d’eau : l’eau de Lias produite avec la production du pétrole brut et l’eau distillée. Nous avons aussi montré que le comportement rhéologique et morphologique de l’émulsion est extrêmement sensible au type d'eau. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les espèces présentes dans la phase aqueuse (eau de lias) susceptibles de s’adsorber à interface (Eau-Pétrole) influent de manière significative sur les paramètres rhéologiques de l’émulsion.

The crude oil transport capacity in pipelines depends on the energy supplied from the pumping station and the energy losses that may occur in the fluid particles. The energy consumption depends on the fluid behavior law transported hence the need to
conduct a rheological characterization of the fluid. Crude oil is a mixture of different chemical components that may vary from one field to another or from a well to another.
Crude oil characterization comes from the Hassi Berkine oil field (southern Algeria). The tests were carried out using a AR2000 rheometer. a Couette type rotation viscometer of two coaxial cylinders. Several temperatures were tested at 10 °C, 15 °C, and 20 °C by using a thermostated bath. For each of these temperatures, we have the evolution of the shear stress and viscosity versus shear rate. The results were compared with rheological models developed by Bingham, Casson, and Herschel-Bulkley. Generally, the Herschel-Bulkley model corroborated the best experimental results for the studied oil. We note a strong influence of rheological parameters measured with temperature.

Rheological behavior of crude oil and their emulsions were investigated as a function of water content concentration, temperature, and shear rate. The aim of this work is to obtain more knowledge of the effect of water fraction on the
Algerian crude oil emulsion rheological properties. Rheological characteristics of crude oil emulsions were measured with the rheometer AR-2000 for TA-Instruments. Several temperatures were tested under dynamic and shear testing conditions. The water content concentration ranged from 5, 10 and 30% vol/vol. The measured data were first classified into two groups for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The results showed that the Non-Newtonian emulsions exhibit shear thinning behavior and their rheological characteristics can be described by the Herschel-Bulkley model. The viscosity, the elastic modulus (G’) and the viscous modulus (G’’) of emulsions were significantly influenced by the water contents. The results also indicated that the rheological properties of crude oil and their emulsions are significantly temperature dependent.

Le but de ce présent travail : valorisation de la Bentonite Algérienne (gisement de Maghnia) avec l’introduction de celle-ci dans la fabrication des boues à base d’eau type KCL/Polymères. Nous étudions l’effet de l’ajout des polymères (xanthane, PAC R, PAHPA, CMC LV) ainsi le sel (KCl) sur le comportement rhéologique d’une suspension de bentonite de Maghnia (Algérie). Des tests rhéologiques ont mis en évidence l’influence du polymère et du KCl sur son comportement en écoulement. Les tests
rhéologiques réalisés sur la suspension de bentonite ont révélé un comportement de type HerschelBulkley. Ainsi, Il a été montré que le comportement rhéologique de la solution de polymères domine le comportement des mélanges argile-polymère. L’ajout de KCl provoque une augmentation de la viscosité et de la contrainte seuil expliquée par l’agrégation des particules argileuses due à la compression de la double couche électrique.

In the present study, we investigated the crude oil’s rheological behavior which comes
from Hassi Messaoud region. This study discusses the effect of shear rate, and temperature on the
viscosity and the yield stress. The rheological characterization was performed at different temperatures
(5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C and 50°C) by using the rheometer AR 2000 TA-Instruments. The results
indicated that the rheological properties were significantly influenced by the temperature variation. It is
also noted that the crude oil behaved as non-Newtonian fluids at low shear rate, whereas the Newtonian
behavior occurs at high values of shear rate over ITS wide range. In order to evaluate the stored energy
and the energy dissipate during the flow in the crude oil, the elastic modulus, (G'), and the loss modulus,
(G"), were determined. The results also indicated that the crude oil’s viscoelasticity characters are
significantly temperature-dependent.

Différentes méthodes expérimentales de réduction de la viscosité du pétrole brut ont été étudiées pour améliorer les propriétés d'écoulement. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé du Toluène pour réduire la viscosité. Les essais rhéologiques ont été réalisés en utilisant le rhéomètre AR2 ; de TA-Instruments à différentes températures 10°C, 15 °C et 20°C. Plusieurs concentrations de l'additif ont été testées, 2%, 3% et 5%. Les points expérimentaux des courbes d'écoulement du pétrole brut montrent un comportement non-newtonien qui peut être décrit par la loi Herschel-Bulkley. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que la température influe considérablement sur l'évolution des courbes d'écoulement et provoque une diminution de la viscosité apparente du pétrole brut. Cette étude montre que le Toluène utilisé a un effet significatif sur la réduction de la viscosité apparente de pétrole brut algérien. Les résultats sont présentés et discutés.

In order to improve the flow characteristics, this work aims to study the rheological behavior of the oil crude (coming from the oil field of Tin Fouye Tabankort/South Algeria) with and without additive friction reducing. An experimental study was performed by measuring the rheological characteristics by flow tests and dynamic mode (oscillation) at different temperatures (20 °C, 30 °C and 50 °C) using the rheometer AR2000. The temperature of the crude oil varies between these extreme values in the south of Algeria. For this, the effect of the shear rate, the temperature and the additive concentration of Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS) on the rheological parameters have been studied. The obtained results show that the crude oil exhibits a non-Newtonian behavior at a low shear rate which can be described by the Herschel–Bulkley model. It was also noted that the Newtonian behavior occurs at high values of the gradient of shear rate. The viscoelasticity character of the crude oil by identifying of the elastic modulus (G′) and the viscous modulus (G″), has indicated that the rheological properties of crude oil were significantly influenced by the additive.

Dans cette présente étude, nous avons étudié le comportement rhéologique d’un pétrole brut
algérien récupéré au niveau d’une station de pompage. La caractérisation rhéologique a été effectuée à
différentes températures (10°C-60°C). Les résultats obtenus montrent que le brut se comporte comme un
fluide non-newtonien et que la viscosité diminue lorsque la température augmente. On constate
également que le comportement newtonien se produit aux valeurs élevées du gradient de vitesse de
cisaillement. Le comportement non-newtonien est très marqué pour les faibles gradients de vitesse de
cisaillement. Pour chacune des températures testées, nous avons représenté la courbe d’écoulement et de
viscosité. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés aux différents modèles rhéologiques. C’est le modèle
rhéologique de Herschel-Bulkley qui corrobore le mieux nos résultats expérimentaux.